James d. Gwartney

Yearbook and data files. 
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.XPN.TRFT.ZS
. 
67. Eurostat, Statistics Explained, “Total general government expenditure on social protection, 2016 (% of GDP % of total
expenditure.” 
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?
title=File:Total_general_government_expenditure_on_social_protection,_2016_(%25_of_GDP_%25_of_total_expenditure).pn
g
. 
↩ 

---

281
68. Others attribute this statement to Lord Thomas Macaulay. The author cannot be verified with certainty. For additional
information on this topic, see Loren Collins, “The Truth About Tytler” at: 
http://www.lorencollins.net/tytler.html
. 
69. See James Gwartney and Richard Stroup, “Transfers, Equality, and the Limits of Public Policy,” Cato Journal,
(Spring/Summer 1986), for a detailed analysis of this issue. 
70. See, for example, Anna Kiersztyn, “Stuck in a mismatch? The persistence of overeducation during twenty years of the
post-communist transition in Poland,” Economics of Education Review, 32:1 (2013), p. 78–91. 
71. For evidence on this point, see Lawrence Katz and Bruce Meyer, “The Impact of the Potential Duration of Unemployment
Benefits on the Duration of Unemployment,” Journal of Public Economics 41, No. 1 (February 1990): 45–72. Also see Daniel
Aaronson, Bhashkar Mazumder, and Shani Schechter, “What Is Behind the Rise in Long-Term Unemployment?” Federal
Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives (Second Quarter 2010): 28–51. 
72. Federal Safety Net, “Poverty and Spending Over the Years.” Figures exclude spending on medical insurance for the poor
(Medicaid). 
http://federalsafetynet.com/poverty-and-spending-over-the-years.html
. 
73. OECD Data (2019), “Financial disincentive to return to work” (indicator). 
http://doi.org/10.1787/3ef6e9d7-en
.74. Seymore Drescher, translator (London: Civitas, 1997): 27–28.75. Ron Haskins and Isabel V. Sawhill, Opportunity Society (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2009).76. Michael Tanner of the Cato Institute has testified that in the United States only 30% of government entitlements reach the
intended beneficiaries as opposed to 82% of the funds of similar programs run by private charities.77. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Glasgow Edition of Oxford University Press (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund,
Inc., [1790] 1976): 233–34. Also available at: 
https://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smMS.html?chapter_num=7 - book-
reader
. 
↩ 
78. Friedrich Hayek, “Pretence of Knowledge.” Nobel Prize Lecture in Economics. Stockholm, Sweden. December 11, 1974.
79. Jeffrey Frankel, “The arguments against food and energy subsidies,” World Economic Forum, August 18, 2014.
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2014/08/food-energy-subsidies-egypt-india-indonesia
.80. Oby Ezekwesili, “Why we need to end fisheries subsidies,” World Economic Forum, October 2, 2015.
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/why-we-need-to-end-fisheries-subsidies
. 
81. From Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944). 
82. M. Czaika and C.R. Parsons, “The Gravity of High-Skilled Migration Policies,” Demography, 54 (2017): 603. 
83. Freidman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).84. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: George Dearborn & Co., Adlard and Saunders, 1835): Volume
1, Chapter 5. We will not discuss whether the United States maintains the same degree of power in local governments today.

---

282
This is an open question. 
↩ 
85. As of late 2019 Professor Mylovanov left his professorship at the University of Pittsburgh to become Minister of
Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture in the government of Ukraine, a position he held until March 2020. 
↩ 
86. See Stefan Voigt, Stefan, Jerg Gutmann, and Lars P. Feld (2015) “Economic growth and judicial independence, a dozen
years on: Cross-country evidence using an updated Set of indicators,” European Journal of Political Economy 38 p: 197–211.
↩ 
87. Of course, technology can be a force for repression as well, as seen by the use of facial recognition capabilities to track
dissidents or minorities. 
↩ 
88. For a discussion of how the possibility of E.U. membership contributed to more successful reform in the post-communist
countries, see Chapter 6 of Oleh Havrylyshyn, Present at the Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020). 
↩ 
89. “Buy any deans necessary, Letting academics pick magistrates has not worked in Guatemala,” The Economist (July 25,
2019): 37. 
https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/07/25/letting-academics-pick-magistrates-has-not-worked-in-
guatemala
. 
↩ 
90. Yogi is also responsible for advising, “When you come to a fork in the road, take it.” 
↩ 
91. Arthur Brooks, President of the American Enterprise Institute, is one of the leading scholars on the determinants of
happiness. For an overview of his views, see “A Formula for Happiness,” New York Times, December 14, 2013 at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/opinion/sunday/a-formula-for-happiness.html
. 
↩ 
92. Often there seems a difference between what is highly valued by consumers and what “planners” would like them to value.
In 2019 the world’s youngest billionaire was Kylie Jenner. We make no judgment on her line of lip glosses other than to
observe that citizens with free choice over thousands of alternatives seem to select them. 
↩ 
93. See “What is Emotional Intelligence (EQ)?” by Michael Akers and Grover Porter at: 
http://psychcentral.com/lib/what-is-
emotional-intelligence-eq/
. 
↩ 
94. One of the earliest studies establishing the relationship between attitude traits and economic success was by one of the
authors of this book. See: Randall K. Filer, “The Influence of Affective Human Capital on the Wage Equation,” in Ronald
Ehrenberg, ed., Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 4 (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1981). 
↩ 
95. Theresa Harold, “How a former Soviet state became one of the world’s most advanced digital nations,” Alphr.com, (30 Oct
2017) 
http://www.alphr.com/technology/1007520/how-a-former-soviet-state-became-one-of-the-worlds-most-advanced-
digital-nations
. 
↩ 
96. Adidas AG, Financial Publications: 
https://www.adidas-group.com/en/investors/financial-reports
. 
↩ 
97. Michael Jarrett and Quy Nguyen Huy, “IKEA’s Success Can’t Be Attributed to One Charismatic Leader,” Harvard