Jahon tarixi kafedrasi

Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and use of land, planning permission, protection and use of the environment, public welfare, and the design of the urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.^[1] Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning, urban development or some combination in various areas worldwide. It is considered an interdisciplinary field that includes social, engineering and design sciences. Urban planning is closely related to the field of urban design and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings and other urban areas.^[2]

Urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas. Although predominantly concerned with the planning of settlements and communities, urban planning is also responsible for the planning and development of water use and resources, rural and agricultural land, parks and conserving areas of natural environmental significance. Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.^[3]

Urban planners work with the cognate fields of architecture, landscape architecture, civil engineering, and public administration to achieve strategic, policy and sustainability goals. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields. Today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline is the broader category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning, and transportation planning

Ark dastlab milloddan avvalgi 1-asrda qurilgan. Arablar istilosiga qadar arkda shahar hokimlari — buxorxudotlar yashagan. Somoniylar davrida (9— 10-asrlar) qayta qurilib devor va burjlar bilan mustahkamlangan. Qoraxoniylar davrida (11—12-asrlar) va mo‘g‘ullar bosqinchiligi vaqtida (13-asr) ark bir necha bor vayron qilingan. Hozirgi qiyofasi asosan Shayboniylar sulolasi davri (16-asr)da shakllangan. 1990 yilda arxeologlar tomonidan olib borilgan qazish ishlari natijasida Amir mehmonxonasi hisoblangan xonaqoh va uning atrofidagi hujralarning poydevorlari, hovli ichkarisidagi supa, toshnov, tazar, sandal va yaxxonalar ochildi. Hammom tuzilish jihatdan murakkabligi yer osti tazarlari umumiy bir tarmoqqa bo‘ysundirilganligi, shahar tashqarisidagi zahkashga qadar cho‘zilganligi, to‘rt tomonidagi gulax (o‘txona)lari doimiy ravishda bir xil issiqlik berib turishi, yaxxonada muzni to kech kuzgacha saqlay bilishganligi aniqlandi. Buxoroning 2500 yilligi munosabati bilan ark ichkarisidagi taxt joylashgan hovli ta’mirlanib, o‘z holiga keltirildi. Ark devorlari yangilandi. "Go‘riyon" darvozasi qayta tiklandi va boshqa obodonlashtirish ishlari olib borildi. Yer sathidan 2,5–3 m chuqurlikda gumbazsimon yer osti yo‘li borligi aniqlandi. Arkda Buxoro davlat me’moriy-badiiy muzey qo‘riqxonasi joylashgan. Balandligi 20 m cha bo‘lgan tepalik ustiga qurilgan arkning maydoni 4 ga, tarhi ko‘pburchakli. Turli davrlarda devorlari tosh, pishiq va xom g‘isht, paxsalar bilan mustahkamlangan. O‘pirilib tushgan joylari dastlab xom gishtdan, keyin pishiq g‘ishtdan ta’mir etilgan. Ko‘tarila boruvchi yo‘l orqali g‘arbdagi ulkan darvozadan (16-asr) ichkariga kiriladi (sharq tomonida ham ilgari darvoza bo‘lgan). Darvozaxona peshtoqining ikki yon tomonidagi "guldasta" va ular oralig‘idagi 3 qavatli bino yaxshi saqlangan. Ark ichkarisiga olib kiradigan uzun dalonyo‘lakning chap devorida 12 va o‘ng devorida 13 taxmontokcha qilingan. Chap tomonidagi tokchalarning ba’zilarida obxonaga kiriladigan eshiklar bor. Guldasta (burj)lar tagida zax va dim yerto‘lalar bo‘lgan. Dalonning o‘ng tomonidagi o‘rta tokchasida afsonaviy qahramon Siyovush ruhiga Navro‘z bayramida chiroqlar yoqilgan. Amir sayisxona (otxona)siga ham shu yerdagi zinadan kirilgan. Dalondan chiqaverishda to‘pchi boshi (saroy qo‘riqchilari boshlig‘i)ning mahkamasi, shu yerdagi ayvon tagida yerto‘la bo‘lgan (bu binolar buzilib ketgan). Undan sal narida (g‘arbiy devor burchagida) peshayvonli jome masjid (saroy masjidi) qurilgan (18-asr oxiri). Masjid derazalari panjarali, devorlarining ichki tomonidagi naqshlar orasiga Qur’on oyatlari bitilgan. Peshayvon shipi murakkab girihdar bilan bezatilgan. Arkning shimoliy-g‘arbiy burchagida to‘pchi boshining uyi va ta’mir ishlari ustidan nazorat qiluvchi kishi turadigan xona bo‘lgan. Masjidning sharq tomonida lar oqova suv quvurlarining qoldiqlari. Arkning g‘arbiy devoridan boshqa hamma devorlari, burchaklardagi minoralar buzilib ketgan. Darvozasi oldidagi Registon maydonida ko‘pgina imoratlar bo‘lgan. Uning g‘arbiy devoriga qaragan peshayvonga zambaraklar qo‘yilgan. Ark darvozasining chap tomonida lashkarboshi mehmonxonasi, shimolida esa qurolyarog‘lar tuzatiladigan ustaxona va aslahaxona (qo‘rxona) bo‘lgan. Arkning shimoliy-sharqidagi "Childuxtaron" maqbarasi, janubiy-g‘arbda "Battol G‘oziy xonaqohi", xos hammom qoldiqlari saqlangan.	Арк (тадж. Арк, узб. Ark) — это древняя цитадель в Бухаре (современный Узбекистан), оплот последних эмиров. В своё время Арк, возвышающийся над площадью Регистан, являлся символом величия, власти и неприступности. На одной из стен Арка некогда висела большая кожаная плеть (камча) — символ власти в Бухарском Эмирате. В начале XX в. в Арке проживало около трех тысяч человек. В крепости располагались: дворец правителей, дворцовые службы чиновной знати и военачальников, ремесленные мастерские, казначейство, арсенал, жилища родственников и сановников двора, склады одежды, ковров, оружия, дворцовые сокровища. Крепость Арк является самым древним архитектурно-археологическим памятником Бухары. Арк — это большое земляное фортификационное сооружение в северо-западной части современной Бухары. В плане он напоминает неправильный прямоугольник, немного вытянутый с запада на восток. Периметр внешних стен Арка составляет 789,60 м, внутренняя площадь — 3,96 га. Высота от уровня площади Регистан колеблется от 16 до 20 метров. Все сохранившиеся здания относятся к периодам правления узбекских династий Аштарханидов (XVII в.) и Мангытов (XVIII—XX вв.). Парадный въезд в цитадель архитектурно обрамлен двумя башнями. В верхней части башни соединены галереей с хорошо сохранившимся помещением и террасами для городского караула. Подъём к главным воротам представляет собой пандус, который ведёт через крытый длинный коридор к соборной мечети Джоме. Вдоль коридора расположены помещения для воды (обхана), песка (регхана) и камеры (канахана) для заключённых. В западной части сохранилась: тронный зал — «куриниш-хона» (XVII в.), соборная мечеть Джоме (XVIII в.), двор премьер-министра эмира «кушбеги-боло» (XIX—XX в), двор приветствий «салом хона» (XIX—XX в.), и конюшенный двор «саис-хона» (XIX—XX в.). В южной части сохранились: мечеть Хонако (XIX в.) и остатки бани эмира (XIX в.). В северной части — хонако Баттол-Гози (XVIII в.) и мечеть «Чильдухтарон» (40 девушек), построенная в XVIII в. в память о сорока девушках, погибших по приказу эмира Насруллы. Восточная часть не сохранилась, была разрушена в 1920 году, сейчас — археологический заповедник.	The Ark of Bukhara is a massive fortress located in the city of Bukhara, Uzbekistan that was initially built and occupied around the 5th century AD. In addition to being a military structure, the Ark encompassed what was essentially a town that, during much of the fortress' history, was inhabited by the various royal courts that held sway over the region surrounding Bukhara. The Ark was used as a fortress until it fell to Russia in 1920. Currently, the Ark is a tourist attraction and houses museums covering its history. The Ark is a large earthen fortification located in the northwestern part of contemporary Bukhara. In layout it resembles a modified rectangle, a little elongated from the west to the east. The perimeter of the external walls is 789.6 metres (2,591 ft), the area enclosed being 3.96 hectares (9.8 acres). The height of the walls varies from 16 to 20 metres (52 to 66 ft). Entrance to the Ark fortress. The ceremonial entrance into the citadel is architecturally framed by two 18th Century towers. The upper parts of the towers are connected by a gallery, rooms, and terraces. A gradually rising ramp leads through a winch-raised portal and a covered long corridor to the mosque of Dzhuma. The covered corridor offers access to storerooms and prison cells. In the center of the Ark is located a large complex of buildings, one of the best preserved being the mosque of Ul'dukhtaron, which is connected to legends of forty girls tortured and cast into a well.