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REVIEW OF METHODS FOR MEASURING THE ELECTRICAL



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Anjuman 16-17 30.11.2020

REVIEW OF METHODS FOR MEASURING THE ELECTRICAL 
RESISTIVITY OF SEMICONDUCTOR SOLAR CELLS. 
Sanjar Zokirov 
Doctoral student, Fergana Politechnic Institute 
There are quite a few options for measuring electrical resistivity. They can 
be divided into contact and non-contact. Contact methods are used to control the 
quality of polycrystalline silicon, to control the quality of bulk materials, wafers 
and layers with p -n junctions, to control the distribution of impurities in diffusion 
and epitaxial layers. And the contactless method of eddy currents is based on the 
property of eddy currents, excited in the controlled part, to decrease in p laces of 
defects and is designed to detect the smallest defects on th e surface of metals. In 
addition, it can be used for contactless measurement of electrical conductivity [1].
Van der Pauw method, the so-called four-probe method for measuring the 
magnitude of two-dimensional (or plane) resistivity and Hall coefficient of any 
material that conducts current [2]. The measurements carried out by this method 
allow one to determine the following most interesting properties of the material: 
the type of doping, the two-dimensional concentration of the majority charge 
carriers, and if the thickness of the conducting layer is known, dividing the two -
dimensional concentration by the thickness of the conducting layer, one can 
determine the three-dimensional concentration, the Hall mobility of the majority 
charge carriers. 
The spreading resistance method is unique in the range of measured 
resistivity. 
If a metal probe (Fig. 1) has a small area ohmic contact with the 
semiconductor surface with a known contact radius r
0
, then the spreading 
resistance of this contact Rр is unambiguously related to the semiconductor 
resistivity . The second contact to the semiconductor has a large area, is located at 
a sufficiently large distance from the probe, and its resistance is negligible 
compared to the spreading resistance. It is conventionally called a collecting 
contact.


167 
Figure: 1. Arrangement of contacts when measuring ρ by the spreading resistance 
method. 
1 probe, 2 semiconductor, 3 ohm contact. 
The electric potential distribution for a semi-infinite homogeneous sample 
with a contact in the form of a flat disk with radius r
0
can be obtained from the 
solution of the Laplace equation, from which the spreading resistance R
p
can be 
obtained. 
(4) 
For a hemispherical contact with a radius r
0
, the spreading resistance is: 
(5) 
By measuring the voltage drop across such a contact V when a current I is p assed 
through it, it is possible to determine the specific resistance of the sample 
or 
for the second case. 
Usually, in practice, two-probe and three-probe measurement schemes are 
used to measure the spreading resistance and then determine the resistivity of a 
semiconductor [5]. 
Eddy current testing method is one of the methods of non-destructive testing 
of products made of conductive materials. It is based on the analysis of the 
interaction of an external electromagnetic field with the electromagnetic field of 
eddy currents induced in the controlled object by this field [6]. The eddy curr ent 
control method is based on the analysis of the interaction of an external 
electromagnetic field with the electromagnetic field of eddy currents induced by a 
driving coil in an electrically conductive control object (OC) by this field. An 
inductive coil (one or more), called an eddy-current converter (ECP), is most often 
used as a source of the electromagnetic field. 
The accuracy of this method is much lower than that of the four -probe 
method, but it is indispensable for use in various types of automatic sorters - both 
wafers and epitaxial layers, and structures of the silicon -on-insulator type, for 
scrub rejection in the production of monocrystalline silicon and other similar 





168 
technical problems. But there are also several features and advantages of this 
method: 
- the ability to check a large number of product parameters; 
- checking of layers of material of small thickness; 
- contactless control; 
- high sensitivity to microscopic defects; 
- high speed of control; 
- the ability to control objects with complex geometry, places of difficult access; 
- eddy current method does not pose a health hazard to the operator. 
The first two methods described above have a big drawback - in fact, they 
are destructive, have a short lifetime of the probes, they are very sens itive to the 
surface treatment before measurements, to the material and geometry of the probe, 
and the force of pressing the probe to the surface. And eddy current control cannot 
be: control of structural elements and parts with abrupt changes in magnetic or 
electrical properties; discontinuities were found, the opening p lanes of which are 
parallel to the controlled surface and make an angle with it less than 10 degrees. It 
will be impossible to carry out control if electrically conductive protective coatings 
are applied to the surface of the object (the option when the defect does not come 
to the surface of the coating), defects are filled with electrically conductive 
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