|
Tail-end problems[edit]
R.Chambers [16] cites authors who have reported tail-end problems. Examples are:
The old Sardar canal project in the state of Gujarat, India, was designed with an irrigation intensity of 32%, but at the upstream part the delivery was at an intensity of 42% (i.e. 131% of the design norm) and at the downstream end it was only 19% (i.e. 59% of the norm), although the project aimed at protective irrigation with equal rights for all.
The Sardar Sahayak Pariyojana irrigation project, an extension of the Sardar canal project with 1.7 million ha, the head farmers received 5 times more water than the tail-enders, although the project was designed for equal distribution of the scarce water.
The Ghatampur distributary canal in the Ramganga irrigation project in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, delivered an amount of water equal to 155% of the design discharge to the Kisarwal district canal near the head of the distributary and only 22% to the Bairampur district canal at the downstream end.
The Ibrahimiya irrigation canal near Minya, Egypt
Also in Egypt, in 1984, considerable differences in the water distribution over the canal systems have been reported:[17]
Lateral canal
|
Water supply in m³/feddan *)
|
Kafret Nasser
|
4700
|
Beni Magdul
|
3500
|
El Mansuria
|
3300
|
El Hammami (upstream)
|
2800
|
El Hammami (downstream)
|
1800
|
El Shimi
|
1200
|
*) Period March 1 to July 31. 1 feddan is 0.42 ha. Data from : Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP).[18]
See also[edit]
Irrigation
Surface irrigation
Irrigation in viticulture
Irrigation statistics
Environmental impact of irrigation
Tidal irrigation
Water rights
Riparian water rights
National Irrigation Congress
Adaptive participatory integrated approach, a method of developing and managing water irrigation in developing regions.
BAITSSS, simulates irrigation based on Management allowable depletion using remote sensing based information.
References[edit]
^ Yapa et al 2020, http://ejournal.ukm.my/gmjss/article/view/41236
^ Compare: "irrigation". Oxford English Dictionary (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933. "irrigation - [...] The action of supplying land with water by means of channels or streams; the distribution of water over the surface of the ground, in order to promote the growth and productiveness of plants."
^ Claessen, H J M; Skalník, Peter, eds. (1978). The Early state. New Babylon, studies in the social sciences. Vol. 32. Walter de Gruyter. p. 11. ISBN 978-90-279-7904-9. Retrieved 2012-03-21. [...] the effective management of large volumes of water made an efficient organization indispensable. Once this organization existed, a 'hydraulic economy', characterized by the division of labor, intensive cultivation and cooperation on a large scale [...], and in which the state eventually assumed the managerial role, inevitably developed.
^ Jump up to:a b Effectiveness and Social/Environmental Impacts of Irrigation Projects: a Review. In: Annual Report 1988, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 18 - 34 . Download from web page : [1] , under nr 10, or from : [2] , under nr. 6 , or directly as PDF : [3]
^ Bruce Sundquist, 2007. Chapter 1- Irrigation overview. In: The earth's carrying capacity, Some related reviews and analysis. On line: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ Jump up to:a b The World Bank, Cost Recovery and Water Pricing for Irrigation and Drainage Projects. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 26, on line: [4]
^ Jump up to:a b Svendsen, M., Trava, J. and S.H. Johnson III. 1997. “Participatory Irrigation Management: Benefits and Second Generation Problems.” International Irrigation Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
^ Govt. of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 2000. “National Water Management Plan Project.” Draft Development Strategy, Vol. 5. Ministry of Water Resources. Dhaka.
^ Azevedo, L.G.. 1997. “Brazil.” In Water Pricing Experiences An International Perspective, ed. A. Dinar and A. Subramanian. Technical Paper Number 386, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
^ Dinar, A. and Mody, J. 2004. “Irrigation water management policies: Allocation and pricing principles and implementation experience” Natural Resources Forum 28 (2) 112.
^ Easter, K. W. 1993. “Economic Failure Plagues Developing Countries’ Public Irrigation: An Assurance Problem.” Water Resources Research 29(7): 1913-22.
^ Palacios, E.V. 1999.Benefits and Second Generation Problems of Irrigation Management Transfer in Mexico. Economic Development Institute Participatory Irrigation Management Case Studies Series, Economic Development Institute, World Bank and Irrigation Water Management Institute.
^ CumFreq, a program for cumulative frequency analysis, free download from : [5]
^ R.J. Sevenhuijsen, R.J. Oosterbaan and K. Zijderveld, 1988. : The Punata-Tiraque irrigation project near Cochabamba, Bolivia. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. On line: [6]
^ M.Jurriens, PP.Mollinga and P.Wester, 1996. Scarcity by Design: Protective irrigation in India and Pakistan. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands. On line: [7]
^ R. Chambers, Managing Canal Irrigation: practical analysis from South Asia. On line: [8]
^ ILRI, 1999. Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. On line: [9]
^ EWUP (Egyptian Water Use Management Project), 1984. Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report. Colorado State University and MPWWR, Mar. 1984.
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