9.6
Earth Station Facility Design
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routers all offer T1, DS3, E1, and E3 interfaces due to availability of these service
offerings. As a result, many Earth stations support PDH services as well.
The SDH is associated with fiber optic transmission and was developed to
exploit the reliability, bandwidth, and accuracy of modern telecommunications
systems. The interface to SDH begins at 155 Mbps, which is referred to as SDH-1.
From there, it builds rapidly to gigabit per second speeds that correspond to the
capacity of glass fiber. In the case of a satellite path, SDH-1 is the most common
level as it can be accommodated by one or a group of standard transponders. Note
that in North America, SDH is referred to as the Synchronous Optical Network
(SONET) at starts at one third of the SDH-1 rate (i.e., 53.5 Mbps).
Another interface standard found in high-speed networks is the Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM), a standard originally intended to form the broadband public
network of the future. What has happened instead is that ATM has established itself
within certain niches where high speed and flexible adaptation to applications are
important. The technology is similar to the Internet Protocol in concept be very
different within its construction and features. For example, ATM is based on a
fixed length packet of 53 bytes, called a cell. The cells are not addressed in the
same manner as access points in the Internet, but rely on the concept of the virtual
circuit that is set up and taken down as needed to satisfy a particular demand.
The Earth station interface to an ATM network could be with SDH or PDH access
lines.
Our final example of a data interface is the IEEE 802.3 standard, commonly
referred to as Ethernet. Within this overall family we find the familiar standards:
10BaseT (supporting 10 Mbps) and 100Base T (supporting 100 Mbps), both used
on unshielded twisted pair (UTP) with ubiquitous RJ-45 connector. These employ
eight individual wires and are known as Category 5 UTP (CAT 5) and Category
6 UTP (CAT 6), the difference relating to the quality of wire and resulting ability
to carry up to 1 Gbps in the case of CAT 6. This approach has rationalized and
simplified the interface from VSAT and data UT to the end user. It can also be
employed at a hub Earth station used to connect the satellite network into a private
Intranet or the public Internet.
Within the domain of digital video, the common standards are referred to as
Asynchronous Serial Interface (ASI) and Serial Data Interface (SDI). The two stan-
dards are similar in general concept but cannot be connected directly to each other.
The first generation of MPEG-2 digital video equipment employed SDI but later
generations adopted ASI as it results in some cost savings and simplifications in
interconnection. Both are used for equipment in close proximity and must be
adapted to ATM or SDH if distances measured in kilometers are involved.
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