Figure 6.31
The dc voltage requirements for a C-band with a three-stage collector TWT.
232
Spacecraft and Repeater
on the power line coming into the power supply should not be transmitted to the
TWT. A well-designed TWT power supply will meet stringent requirements and
also have an efficiency (i.e., the ratio of power actually applied to the TWT to the
dc input power from the spacecraft power system) in the range of 95–98%.
6.4.5
Solid-State Power Amplifiers
Historically, the TWT was the only active device on commercial satellites that was
not solid state. That was because while transistors have always been found in the
digital circuitry used to control the various bus and payload elements, the TWT
was the only practical device that could efficiently amplify microwave signals to
power levels in excess of 1W. Providing a lightweight power amplifier for the
original Syncom with up to 30% efficiency was, in 1960, quite an accomplishment.
Keep in mind that the context here is the operation of a microwave repeater in
the space environment for many years.
The quest for an all-solid state amplifier led to the introduction of the first
devices on the Telstar 3 and Satcom 4 series of satellites. Both of those satellites
were intended to break through a nine-year lifetime barrier that seemed to exist
due to the wearout properties of the TWT. (Of course, innovations in TWT cathodes
and other aspects of tube design have overcome that impression.) SSPAs were
introduced in the early 1980s at a relatively low power of 5W to 10W. Linearity
of the amplifiers proved to be significantly better than that of a comparable TWT,
so SSPAs were targeted to FDMA applications, where they could provide somewhat
greater channel capacity. To make the SSPA practical, the key was the GaAsFET,
which quickly established itself as a reliable and efficient power amplifier device
and which is in use in a number of C-band satellites. SSPAs are also found on L-
and S-band satellites used in MSS and DAB services. Ku- and Ka-bands SSPAs
were developed for medium-power applications principally within phased arrays.
An SSPA is not a single amplifying device like a TWTA; rather, it is built up
from individual amplifier modules. The basic building block, shown at the top of
Figure 6.32, is the single-stage microwave transistor power amplifier. The triangle
symbol represents a GaAsFET and its associated bias circuitry. Circulators at the
input and the output provide considerable isolation (hence, the term isolator) from
the rest of the SSPA and repeater. Note how the third port of the circulator is
connected to a resistive dummy load, which catches any microwave energy reflected
back into the circulator by the amplifier output. Without the isolators, the GaAsFET
would tend to produce unpredictable results and may even damage itself.
The basic module can have from 6 to 10 dB of gain and a maximum power
output of from 3–10W. Higher levels of gain or power out are obtained by combin-
ing stages, as illustrated in the rest of Figure 6.32. Gain is increased by adding
stages in tandem, where the individual gains (in decibels) are simply added algebrai-
cally. That does not increase the maximum output power capability because all
the signal still must come from the last stage; however, the input level can be
reduced to a much lower level, corresponding to that delivered by the wideband
receiver or digital processor. Achieving a total gain comparable to that of a TWT
(roughly 50 dB) takes up to 10 stages in tandem. They usually are split into two
6.4
Standard Repeater Elements
233
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |