Figure 6.17
Block diagram of a typical wideband communication receiver that amplifies the
500-MHz uplink band and translates it to the downlink frequency range without
modification.
218
Spacecraft and Repeater
nient to use a device called a frequency multiplier to generate F
lo
as a harmonic
from a crystal-controlled oscillator operating at a much lower frequency. For our
C-band example, the oscillator typically runs at 139.0625 MHz, which means that
the multiplication factor has to be the integer 16.
Because multipliers and mixers are nonlinear devices, they generate a variety
of harmonics, spurs, and intermodulation products in addition to the desired fre-
quencies just described. Therefore, filters and frequency traps are inserted in the
input and output legs of the mixer to preclude propagation of such products
through the receiver or backward toward its input.
In addition to frequency translation, the receiver must provide a great deal of
the required amplification to overcome a portion of the uplink path loss. Approxi-
mately 50 to 60 dB of gain is easily obtained with several transistor amplifier stages
in tandem, as illustrated in Figure 6.18.
An important consideration in satellite receiver design is the thermal noise,
which is produced in all active and passive microwave devices. The term
low noise
(discussed in Chapter 4) is used to describe an amplifier with specially designed
and selected transistors that have the property of minimizing the generation of
internal noise. A tandem sequence of amplifiers, such as that in Figure 6.18, provides
significant noise reduction. In the following equation, we see that the total noise
temperature of the sequence is calculated based on the individual noise contribu-
tions, reduced by the gain of preceding stages:
T
re
=
T
1
+
T
2
/
G
1
+
T
3
/
G
1
G
2
+
. . .
where
T
1
and
G
1
are the noise temperature in Kelvin and gain (as a ratio), respectively,
of the first amplifier stage;
T
2
and
G
2
are the noise temperature and gain (as a ratio), respectively, of the
second amplifier stage;
T
3
and
G
3
are the noise temperature and gain (as a ratio), respectively, of the
third amplifier stage, and so on.
This type of analysis shows that the total noise temperature is dominated by
the noise contribution of the first amplifier stage. The contribution of all the stages
that follow is reduced by a factor equal to the combined gain of the stages that
precede it, expressed as a true ratio and not in decibels. If one of the stages provides
Figure 6.18
Use of amplifier stages in a typical wideband receiver.
6.4
Standard Repeater Elements
219
frequency conversion in a mixer, we can anticipate a loss instead of a gain for that
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