130
Microwave Link Engineering
tances. In addition to refraction, the ionosphere rotates the linear polarization of
microwave transmissions (Faraday effect), although that can be compensated for
at frequencies above 3 GHz by appropriate adjustment of feed-horn angle at the
receiving Earth station. This is complicated by the fact that the angle of rotation
varies from day to night by as much as 6
°
. Below 3 GHz, Faraday effect produces
one or more full rotations, which is why CP is preferred. Faraday rotation increases
during periods of high sunspot activity, according to the 11- and 22-year solar
cycles. Faraday effect decreases with frequency and can be ignored at Ku-band and
above.
4.2.5.5
Scattering, Diffraction, and Shadowing
It was mentioned previously that water droplets scatter microwave signals. That
would reduce the direct-path power level, spraying some of it back toward the
source. At an Earth station site, the occasional scatter can place RFI in the direction
of terrestrial microwave receivers that otherwise would have been adequately
protected.
Diffraction, on the other hand, occurs when microwaves encounter and bend
over a physical obstacle such as a building or mountain. The principle behind
diffraction is illustrated in Figure 4.19, which shows how an Earth station might
be shielded from local microwaves by an intervening hill or mountain. The heights,
H
1
and H
2
, introduce shielding but also provide the possibly diffraction path for
microwave signals in both directions. If the hilltop just happens to touch the line-
of-sight path between the Earth station and local microwave antennas (e.g., H
1
and H
2
are zero), a diffraction loss of precisely 6 dB is introduced. As the obstacle
begins to block the path, the amount of diffraction loss increases until there essen-
tially is total blockage.
The line-of-sight nature of microwave transmission means that blockage may
reduce signal strength below the threshold level. For frequencies above 3 GHz,
such blockage must be assumed whenever there is an obstacle that results in a
situation like that illustrated in Figure 4.19. The situation at lower frequencies
such as L- and S-bands might be somewhat more favorable because of the signifi-
cantly larger wavelength involved. Depending on the type of ground antenna in
use, it might be possible to receive adequate signal strength from reflections off of
buildings and hills. It has been proposed that partially blocked and reflected signals
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