Figure 4.10
Relative receive power as a true ratio for the copolarized and cross-polarized signals
in a linearly polarized link as the polarization angle of the receiving antenna is rotated.
122
Microwave Link Engineering
Figure 4.11
Polarization isolation in decibels for a linearly polarized RF signal as a function of the
offset angle from maximum isolation.
critical (
±
5 degrees of error introduces very little loss of signal); however, the cross-
polarization isolation is extremely critical, and precise alignment is a necessity. The
maximum value of isolation of 40 dB in Figure 4.11 corresponds to the typical
value described in the preceding paragraph. All FSS and BSS satellite communica-
tions systems use polarization isolation to increase the capacity of the particular
orbit position. Therefore, users must employ antennas on the ground that meet
polarization requirements; linear polarizations should be adjusted from time to
time by rotating the feedhorn for minimum RFI. (The only way around the latter
requirement is to use circular polarization, discussed in the next section.) Isolation
can subsequently degrade from propagation effects, particularly Faraday rotation,
which is a twist of linear polarization caused by the ionosphere. If the ionosphere
caused a change of 6
°
, then the cross-polarization isolation would be approximately
20 dB. Such a low value generally is considered to be unacceptable.
4.2.4.2
Circular Polarization
Another type of polarization that is used in international, DTH broadcasting and
MSS satellites is circular polarization (CP). Being circular in polarization, the
receiving antenna is not aligned for the transmitting antenna’s polarization. Rather,
it is the inherent polarization of the signal, either right-hand CP (RCP) or left-
hand CP (LCP), that must be supported by both ends of the link. An example of
RCP is provided in Figure 4.12.
To understand the composition of CP, first observe that LP can be represented
in the form of a vector, where the direction of the vector is in line with the electric
component and its magnitude is proportional to the square root of the power of
the signal. This vector is always perpendicular to the direction of propagation. CP
is a particular combination of two equal LP waves that are cross-polarized with
respect to each other (horizontal and vertical are two of the four vector states in
Figure 4.12). If the two polarizations represent the same signal on the same fre-
quency and they are precisely in phase with each other, the resultant vector lies at
4.2
Propagation on the Earth-Space Link
123
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