6.4
Standard Repeater Elements
227
6.25, the amount of loss at the point where the filter skirts cross over is important
to the design of the multiplexer. The greater the loss at that point, the easier it is
to match the actual performance of the multiplexer to theory. The loss at the cross-
over can be significantly increased by splitting the channels into two groups, with
each group on one multiplexer having every other channel. That is why there are
odd-numbered frequency channels in the actual multiplexer design shown in Figure
6.23. One group would consist of the odd-numbered frequency channels (the
darkened curves at the bottom of Figure 6.25), while the other would consist of
the even-numbered channels (the dotted curve). That greatly improves the cross-
over performance of the multiplexer because an entire empty channel now lies in
the gap.
The actual filters used in the input multiplexer have evolved over the past 30
years. In the first generation, waveguide cavity filters were made of rectangular
waveguide sections, which tended to be heavy and somewhat less stable over a
typical spacecraft temperature range. Second-generation input filters were con-
structed from coaxial structures, which are much more compact and can include
temperature compensation. An example of such a filter is shown in Figure 6.25.
Materials used in both cases evolved from Invar, a very stable metal alloy, to
aluminum with temperature compensation, to even graphite-plastic composite in
some cases. Another improvement is to reduce the group delay through delay
equalization built into the filter itself.
The output multiplexer is constructed a little differently and without the use
of a lossy circulator chain. Each filter is attached to a section of waveguide called
a manifold. Without circulators to provide isolation, the filters must be positioned
in accordance with wavelength along the manifold and manually adjusted (tuned)
as an integrated system. A drawing of a circular waveguide cavity filter is shown
in Figure 6.26. The corresponding block diagram of the multiplexer is shown in
Figure 6.27. This approach is less effective against multipath and provides very
little out-of-band filtering of intermodulation products or other undesired radiation.
This situation is driven by the need for low insertion loss, which demands fewer
filter sections and a more gentle slope of the out-of-band rejection.
Improvements in filter design have produced the contiguous multiplexer, which
contains filters on adjecent channels (e.g., without the odd-even split). It has the
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