Figure 6.13
Example of a digital processing repeater providing narrowband channel routing.
6.3
Digital Processing Repeaters
213
More advanced digital processor architectures have been assembled with the
following needs in mind:
•
Narrowband channel routing, to allow users to transmit information within
channels in the range of 100-kHz to 10-MHz bandwidth. Within the con-
straints of this channel, any modulation or multiple access method can be
supported.
•
On-demand reconfiguration, to provide the network operator with the ability
to change the channelization assignments in response to changing demand.
•
Beam forming to remove the restriction on the number of beams and their
shape imposed by physical feed horns. This requires that a given channel
be able to drive multiple feed horns, after the replicas have been adjusted
properly in amplitude and phase to produce the correct beam shape and
gain.
Whenever analog signals undergo the A/D process, we can anticipate that there
will be some distortion and information loss. These can be held to acceptable levels
if the following constraints are addressed correctly (a detailed discussion of these
characteristics is beyond the scope of this book):
•
Satisfactory signal structure (multiplex, modulation, and multiple access).
They must satisfy the requirements of the link as well.
•
Bandwidth, which determines the size and complexity of the processor.
Ultimately, it is a question about how the required processing functions can
be performed with the current state of the art.
•
Processor timing, speed, and complexity, which are constraints that are
difficult to assess in the abstract and that require a careful analysis by relevant
experts.
•
Impairments, because the ideal processor that causes no impairment to sig-
nals cannot be built with real hardware.
•
Dynamic range, because the processor must deal with the full spectrum of
signals that enter at its input ports. Dynamic range refers to the range of
power levels of these signals. It can cover as much as a 20-dB range or more
in a typical application.
The needs on the one hand and the constraints on the other bound the design
of an adequate processor that is also buildable through current technology. Systems
engineers have to work closely with processor engineers so that all relevant factors
are properly considered and that a practical design is developed. Any reduction in
capability along the way should not pose a risk to the overall project. That can
be handled only by proper management of the design.
As an example of a typical digital processing repeater design, consider the
block diagram in Figure 6.14. The diagram represents a European developmental
project for an MSS spacecraft that provides links between mobile users and a fixed
gateway Earth station [2]. In the block diagram, the uplink at C-band is fed through
a wideband receiver to an A/D converter, followed by a demultiplexer in digital
214
Spacecraft and Repeater
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