6.1
Overview of Communications Spacecraft
205
power entering a port to rotate in the direction of the arrow and exit at the next
immediate port. Rotation is set up by a disc of ferri-magnetic material sandwiched
between a pair of magnets to create a magnetic field in a direction perpendicular
to the disc in Figure 6.8. The polarity of the magnetic field determines the direction
of rotation, which is fixed using permanent magnets or switchable using electromag-
netism.
Because all the channels pass through the circulator together, it is the function
of the input filter to select only one channel for amplification by that particular
transponder. The input filter allows the specified transponder channel to pass
through and reflects all others back to the same circulator. Thereafter, the five
remaining channels (plus the other six channels) are routed down the circulator
chain with one more channel being dropped in each subsequent bandpass filter.
By the time the last reaches its bandpass filter at the end of the chain, it has
experienced the reflection process five times (all other channels experience the
bouncing process proportionately fewer times). That reduces the power of the last
channel by a significant amount due to losses in the circulators and filter input
sections. The amount of loss, however, is significantly less than 1/6 (i.e., less than
10 log 6, or 8.8 dB), which is what would have been the result with a broadband
power divider.
At the final arm of the chain is a passive load (called a termination) to absorb
any remaining channel energy and to prevent power from being reflected back up
the chain. Circulator coupling is extremely effective for the purpose of separating
channels, ensuring that only one channel enters each transponder chain. Leakage
of adjacent channels produces an undesired effect called repeater multipath (which
is different from propagation multipath discussed in Chapter 4). A step taken to
reduce the problem is to narrow the IMUX filters as compared to those of the
OMUX. (Repeater multipath is reviewed in Section 6.4.3.)
The other filtering component of the satellite repeater is the OMUX, which
connects to the output side of each power amplifier. This device uses reactive
combining instead of circulator coupling to minimize the loss of valuable RF power
(recall the discussion of this issue earlier in the chapter). It effectively sums up the
power of the individual channel power amplifiers (TWTA or SSPA, depending on
the payload design), using the fact that they are on different frequencies to prevent
undesired interaction and power loss. The way that the OMUX does that is dis-
cussed later in this chapter.
In addition to the functional components of the repeater, extra receivers and
power amplifiers are provided to allow replacement of failed units by ground
command. Another role of switching is to allow channels to be connected to
different beams, either on an occasional basis (such as once a year or possibly
monthly) versus requirements that might be more dynamic in nature. In regard to the
latter, the digital processing type of payload is the preferred approach. Processing
payloads also can support dynamic beam forming and reshaping, which are
extremely useful in broadband applications.
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