4.4.4
Link Margin
The final and perhaps key concept in microwave link engineering is that of link
margin, which is nothing more than the excess power in the carrier relative to the
threshold value. It is possible to measure the threshold in the laboratory under
controlled conditions. First, the link performance without fading can be determined
using the power balance equation and spectrum analysis. The margin, then, is the
difference in decibels between the minimum value and the threshold value. For
example, if the minimum acceptable (threshold)
E
b
/
N
0
is 8 dB, the link margin is
11.8
−
8
=
3.8 dB. After the link is operational, the margin can be verified by
manually decreasing the transmit power to the point where the received baseband
Table 4.5
Typical Ku-Band Link Budget for the Downlink to a Small DTH Receiver
Relative Value
(Expressed
Parameter
as a Gain)
Absolute Value
Units
Transmit power (250W)
24.0
dBW
Transmit waveguide loss
−
1.0
dB
Transmit antenna gain
30.0
dBi
EIRP
53.0
dBW
Free-space loss
−
205.6
dB
Atmospheric loss
−
0.1
dB
Receive antenna gain (45-cm diameter)
32.7
dBi
Receive waveguide loss
−
0.5
dB
Received power (clear sky)
−
120.5
dBW
Bandwidth (27 MHz)
74.3
dB(Hz)
System noise temperature (140K)
21.5
dB(K)
Boltzmann’s constant
−
228.6
dB(Hz*K)
−
1
Received noise power
−
132.8
dBW
C
/
N
d
12.3
dB
Bit rate (30.0 Mbps)
Ratio of bit rate to bandwidth (1.111)
0.5
dB
E
b
/
N
o
(downlink)
11.8
dB
4.4
Overall Link Quality
149
signal is barely acceptable. The recorded change in transmit power in decibels is
essentially the link margin.
Adequate link margin allows the link to deliver exceptionally good quality
(low bit error rate) under mean signal, clear weather conditions. However, when
either the uplink or the downlink is experiencing heavy rain or mulipath fading,
the available link margin determines how often and for how long the link will
drop below threshold. The criterion often used is the availability, that is, the
percentage of time the link is above threshold. Typical satellite links operate in the
range of 99% to 99.95%, demonstrating the high reliability of line-of-sight paths
between the satellite and its associated Earth stations.
References
[1]
Final Acts of WRC-77, 2. Radio Propagation Factors, International Telecommunication
Union, Geneva, 1997.
[2]
ITU Radio Regulations, Vol. 2, Appendix S7, Edition of 2008.
[3]
Sat Master software, available from Arrowe Technical Services (http://www.satmaster.com/).
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