140
Microwave Link Engineering
All LNAs and LNBs found in satellite communications Earth stations today
use low-noise transistors such as gallium arsenide field effect transistors (GaAs-
FETs). These are also referred to as high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs),
which are more efficient and produce less noise than their silicon bipolar transistor
counterparts (although silicon transistors are more rugged and static discharge
resistant). Most transistors used in large-scale integrated circuits are FETs as are
microwave amplifiers of various types. Indium phosphide is another material used
in HEMTs and is gaining in popularity due to its improved performance over
GaAsFETs. Typical values of LNA or LNB noise temperature at C-, Ku-, and
Ka-bands are 30K, 60K, and 90K, respectively. Another important property of the
LNA and LNB is its gain, which can be selected in the range of 50 to 70 dB. This
involves one or two low-noise HEMT stages followed by one or more medium-
power amplification stages that can be either HEMT or silicon. An LNB also
incorporates the block downconverter stage that employs a wideband mixer and
a local oscillator. The latter has a significant impact on the performance of the
Earth station, particularly for reception of narrowband signals that cannot tolerate
frequency instability or the oscillator impairment called phase noise.
It is common practice in Earth station design to place the LNA as close as
possible to the feed and thereby minimize the input loss. That has two benefits:
(1) it improves the effective gain of the receiving system because any loss on the
input must be subtracted from that of the antenna, and (2) reducing this input loss
also decreases the effective noise of the receiving system. The latter effect is discussed
in later chapters.
4.3.2.2
IF-to-Baseband Chain
As discussed in Chapter 1, the satellite’s downlink frequency usually is offset from
its uplink frequency to prevent self-interference on the satellite (the exception is
for single-band systems like Iridium that sequentially transmit and receive packets
on the same frequency). To receive the carrier, the frequency of the LO of the
downconverter would differ from that of the upconverter by the fixed frequency
offset (2,225 MHz for standard C-band) introduced by the satellite repeater. To
complete a previous example, the downconverter LO should be set to the (6,100
−
2,225)
−
the IF.
The demodulator is tuned to the IF to produce the baseband from the received
carrier and sometimes provides FEC decoding. Along with the information are
versions of noise and interference picked up over the link. Specifically, the received
digital carrier on the downlink is demodulated to deliver a digital bit stream with
the digitized version of the desired information. The demodulated performance is
measured in terms of bit error rate. The bits are processed further to reduce the
error rate, decompress the underlying information, and, if appropriate, convert the
data back into the original analog form. Greater detail on digital modulation
characteristics is contained in Chapter 5.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: