Introduction to Industrial Automation



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Introduction to Industrial Automation by Stamatios Manesis, George

Index 



 



439

simple changeover two-way contacts, 34

three-phase monitoring relays, 69

timers, 64

Spring flexible rod, limit switch, 51f

SPST contact, 34, 35f, 44, 56, 82, 108, 143

Stacking machine, of light objects, 394–395, 395f

Star-delta automation, PLC programming in, 330–332, 

331f, 332f

Star-delta (Y-

) start, motor with, 96, 97f



Starting delay, machine operation and, 84–86

Star topology, industrial networks of PLCs, 357–358, 

358f

START-STOP automation circuit, conventional, 198, 



198f, 302, 303f, 311, 311f, 325

START/STOP operation of motor, 122–124

State diagrams, 121–145

classical, 121–124

components’ state diagram method, 135–137

design methodology, 121

discrete successive signal, step-by-step transition due 

to, 128–133

examples, 122–128, 129–133, 133–135, 138–142, 

143–145


minimum realizations and, 137–142

with sensors, 124–128

examples, 124–128

pushbuttons and sensor, machine operation by, 

124–126

three-speed machine automation, 126–128

sequential automation systems, 142–145

with time relays, 133–135

Stator, defined, 20

Step motor driving, through a PLC, 393–394, 394f

Stepper motor control modules, PLC, 223–224, 224f

Stepper motors, 22, 23

ST language, see Structured Text (ST) language

Stopping delay, machine operation with, 87

Structural programming, PLC, 278–281, 279f, 280f

program organization units (POUs)

automation program with multiple, 280–281, 

280f


FUNCTION, 278–279

FUNCTION BLOCKS (FB), 279

PROGRAMS, 279

using, 323–327, 324f, 326f–327f

Structured Text (ST) language, 275–276

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) 

subsystems, 14, 16, 17f

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) 

systems, 368–369, 370f

Swimming pool control, PLC programming in, 

342–343, 342f

Switches


defined, 37, 38

flow, 57–59

paddle-type liquid, 57, 58f

thermal dispersion, 57–58

level, 52–57

electronic, for conductive liquids, 52–53

float, 56

optical, 57

radar-type, 55

ultrasonic, 54–55

limit, 50–52

photoelectric, 47–50

dark-on and light-on operation of, 49, 50t

defined, 47

diffuse-reflective, 49

exterior view, 47f

retro-reflective, 48–49

through-beam, 47–48

types, 47

proximity, 40–47

advantages, 40

applications, 46–47

basic exterior forms, 42f

capacitive, 42, 43

detection/sensing distance, 40

electric connection, 43–44

inductive, 42

magnetic, 40, 44–45, 46f

magnetoresistive, 45–46

object placement distance, 41

operating frequency, 41

operating principles, 40

parameters, 40–42

power supply, 41

residual current, 41

response time, 41

target size and metallic environment, effects of, 

44, 45f


types, 40, 42

temperature and pressure, 59–64

bimetal, 59–60

overview, 59

pressure sensing elements for motion production, 62f

RTD, 60, 61–62

semiconductor sensor, 62

thermocouples, 60

timer, 64–69

Switching relay contacts, 205

Synthesis, industrial automation, 79–113

applications, 107–113

machine operation control from multiple 

positions, 107, 108f

operation control of power transformer, 108–109, 

110f


operation of two pumps with cyclic alteration, 

based on low-high demand, 109, 111

three air compressors with predefined 

combinations, 112, 113f

automation circuits, principles in designing, 79–82

“command,” principle of, 81–82

latch principle, 79–81



440

 



 Index

design regulations, automation circuit, 102–105

electrical and mechanical latch, 91–94

motor operation with power supply from two 

different networks, 94

overview, 91–93

sequential start—latch of machines (chain latch), 

93, 94f

examples, 82–91

automatic/manual control, 88–89

common automatic command/separate manual 

commands, 90

common manual command/separate automatic 

commands, 89–90

control panel for operating n machines, 91

motor operation with thermal overload 

protection, 82–83

operation and fault indication, 83–84

periodic operation of machine with two time 

constants, 88

starting delay, machine operation with, 84–86

stopping delay, machine operation with, 87

two/more points, machine operation, 90–91

implementation, of automation circuit, 105–106

motors, automation circuits for, 95–97

inversion in rotation, 95, 96f

star-delta (Y-

) start, 96, 97f



various motor types, 97

sensors, automation circuits with, 98–102

of garage door, 101–102

level control, pump operation based on, 100

machine with canceling ability, 98–100

operation of two pumps according to demand, 

100–101

T

Target size, proximity switches, 44, 45f

Temperature control, PLC programming in, 337–338, 

337f


Temperature switches, 59–64

bimetal, 59–60

overview, 59

pressure sensing elements for motion production, 

62f

RTD, 60, 61–62



semiconductor sensor, 62

thermocouples, 60

Text-based languages, 198

Theorems, Boolean algebra, 120–121

Thermal actuators, 19

Thermal dispersion flow switch, 57–58

Thermal overload protection, motor operation with, 

82–83


Thermal overload relays, 38–40

Thermal overload trip, 84

Thermistor, 61

Thermocouples, 60

Thermostat, 59–60

Three-phase monitoring relays, 69–70

Three-shift schedule machine operation, working time 

monitoring, 397, 398f

Three-speed machine automation, 126–128

Three terms (PID) control modules, PLC, 224–225; 



see also PID control

Through-beam photoelectric switches, 47–48

Time constants, two, periodic operation of machine 

with, 88


Time functions, 315–317, 316f

Time relays, state diagrams with, 133–135

Timers, 64–69

cam, 67–69

electronic, 64–65

motorized/electromechanical, 66–67

PLC programming with, 315–323, 316f–322f

comparison of time, 323

conventional automation circuit, 318, 318f

example, 319–320, 320f

OFF-delay timer, 317, 318–319, 319f

ON-delay timer, 317–318, 317f

pulse timer, 317

self-holding ON-delay timer, 317

self-holding pulse timer, 317

time functions, 315–317, 316f

pneumatic, 65–66

Time-step programmers, defined, 67–68

Token passing method, 361–362, 362f

Topology, industrial networks of PLCs

bus topology, 359, 359f

defined, 357

ring topology, 358–359, 358f

star topology, 357–358, 358f

Traffic lights

control of a complex intersection, 391, 391f

cyclic operation of, 381, 382f

Transducers, defined, 37

Triple shield, 251

Tuning technique, PID controller, 375–376

Turbine compressors, 161

Twisted-pair cable, as data transmission media, 362

Two machines, operation

combined operation, 129–130

with common manual command/separate automatic 

commands, 89–90

Two-speed movable worktable via lead screw, 146–148

Two time constants, periodic operation of machine 

with, 88

Two-wire command, defined, 82

Two-wire connection, of RTD, 61

Tzatziki salad production machine (food industry), 

385–387, 386f

operation specifications, 386–387

technical characteristics of the equipment., 385, 386f



Index 



 




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