Introduction to Fire Safety Management

part 1, integrated pollution control 
(IPC), 350–1
part 2, waste on land, 351–2
Equipment:
and lone working, 110
SSOW designed for, 109
Equipment faults, and false alarms, 296
Escape:
acceptable means, 205–6
generally unacceptable means, 206
stages of in cellular planning, 196
stages of in open planning, 195
see also
Means of escape
Escape exits, 200–3
alternative escape routes – the 45º 
rule, 200–1
options, 200–1
break glass locks, 202–3
calculating exit capacity, 200
doors on escape routes, 201
securing mechanisms for emergency 
escape doors, 201–3
width of, 249
Escape facilities for the disabled, 
109–10
Escape, means of 
see
means of escape
Escape routes:
component parts, 195
design of, 173
layout of, 253
Escape routes, external, 208–9
escape by means of a fl at roof, 
conditions, 208, 209
external stairs, 208, 209
recommendations, 208
Escape routes, protection of, 203–8
acceptable means of escape, 205–6
access to storey exits, 203–5
generally unacceptable means of 
escape, 206
stairways, 206–8
Escape, time required for, 242–3
evacuation, phases of, 242
pre-movement behaviours, 242–3
dependent on perception of risk, 
242
examples, 243
travel behaviours, 243
decision to evacuate, 243
‘travel time determinants’, 243
Europe, fi re safety legislation, 2
European Harmonised Standard EN50 
020, 147
Evacuation strategies and procedures, 
190–1
progressive evacuation strategy, 191
hospitals and residential care 
homes, 191
progressive horizontal evacuation, 
191
zoned evacuation, 191
total evacuation strategy, 190–1
total phased evacuation, 191
in high-rise buildings, 191, 195
total simultaneous evacuation, 190–1
single stage evacuation, 190
two-staged evacuation, 190–1
see also
Emergency evacuation 
procedures; People, ensuring 
safe evacuation of in event of fi re 
detection; Safe evacuation
Explosion, 127–34
defl agration, detonation and 
explosive atmospheres, 127–9
explosive limits and the fl ammable/
explosion range, 128–9
explosive conditions, 129–31
determining amount and likelihood 
of creating an explosive 
atmosphere, 129–30
secondary repercussions, 130–1
types of materials often causing 
dust explosions, 129
gas explosions, 127, 130, 131
gases present an explosion risk, 120
mechanism of, 127
dust and gas explosions, 127
pressure generated by combustion 
wave, 127–8
principles of explosion management, 
131–4
suppression of, 132–3
terminology, 127
venting, 132
hazards caused by, 132
see also
Fire and explosion, 
principles of
Explosion management, principles of, 
131–4
control, 131
addition of inert gases, 131
avoidance/reduction of potentially 
explosive materials, 131
design and construction, equipment, 
protective systems and systems 
components, 131
leak detection systems, 131
dilution by ventilation, 131–2
avoidance of ignition sources, 132
management of dust 
accumulations, 132
minimising electrostatic sparks, 132
use of non-sparking/spark-proof 
equipment, 132
DSEAR regulation 6(4), 131
mitigation, 132–3
explosion suppression, 132–3
explosion venting, 132
housekeeping in relation to 
removal of dust, 133
plant layout and classifi cation of 
zones, 133–4
zones for gases and vapours, 133
zones for dusts, 134
Explosive atmosphere, 127, 129–30
ignition sources, 130
Explosive limits and the fl ammable/
explosion range, 128–9
lower explosion limit (LEL), 129
upper explosion limit (UEL), 129
Failure modes and effects analysis 
(FMEA), 108
False alarms, 284, 294–5, 355
defi ned, 1
investigating cause of, 295–6
activities near detectors, 296
equipment faults, 296
human errors, 296
malicious acts, 296
process, 295–6
keeping records of, 296, 311
limiting of, 231
more normal experience, 241
recorded in system log book, 295
sample report form, 311
Familiarity/complacency, with risk 
assessments, 86
Fault tree analysis, 108

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Index
408
Fencing, as a security strategy, 144
Final exit, defi ned, 173
Fire:
defi ned, 1, 116