Introduction the world at the beginning

2.2 The life and work of E. M. Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1961) was an American author, winner of the Pulitzer and Nobel Prizes. As a volunteer, he participated in the First World War and was wounded. After the war, he worked in Europe as a correspondent for American newspapers, and published his first collection, Three Stories and Ten Poems, in 1923. In 1925, a book of short stories "In our Time" was published, and in 1926 the writer published his first novel " And the Sun Rises. Fiesta". In 1929, the novel "Farewell, weapons!" appeared, which is still considered the best work about the "lost generation". In the early thirties, Hemingway wrote Death in the Afternoon (1932), Green Hills of Africa (1935), and The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1936).

At the beginning of his creative career, Hemingway develops his own code of perception of the world and existence in a disharmonious reality, he emphasizes the stoicism of man in "life on the edge". In 1936, the novel "To Have and not to Have" outlines the transition from a pessimistic worldview to overcoming loneliness through awareness of the need for a collectivist existence. The idea that a person is a part of humanity and is responsible for what happens in the world, sounds in one of the best novels of the writer "For whom the bell tolls" (1940), dedicated to the tragic war in Spain.
Ernest Miller Hemingway (21.07.1899-02.07.1961), one of the most popular and influential American writers of the twentieth century, who gained fame primarily for his novels and short stories. Born in Oak Park, Illinois, the son of a doctor. He grew up in Oak Park and attended local schools, but his name is usually associated with northern Michigan, where he spent his childhood summers and where several of his best-known stories are set. During his school years, he was actively involved in sports.
After graduating from high school, he left home for good and became a reporter for the Kansas Star newspaper, where he acquired valuable writing skills.
He repeatedly tried to enlist in the military, but because of the damage to his eyes received in adolescence, he was always declared unfit. Hemingway still got into the First World War as a Red Cross ambulance driver in Italy. On July 8, 1918, he was seriously wounded near Fossalta di Piave-he was wounded in both legs by shell fragments (227 fragments were extracted during the operation) and a machine-gun burst. Subsequently, he was awarded the Italian Medal.
After his discharge, he went to Michigan for further medical treatment, but soon went back to Europe as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star newspaper. He settled in Paris and there, encouraged by Gertrude Stein, E. Pound, and others, decided to become a writer. His posthumously published book, A Moveable Feast (1964), is dedicated to his memories of this period. It contains both autobiographical notes and portraits of contemporary writers.
In 1923, Hemingway's debut collection, Three Stories and Ten Poems, was published in Paris. In August of the same year, the family returns to Canada due to Hadley's pregnancy. On October 10, the Hemingways give birth to their son, John Hedley Nicanor. In January 1924, Hemingway's second book, in my Home, was published, and the family moved back to Paris. In October 1926, Hemingway's first novel, "The Sun Also Rises" (in Russian translations – "And the Sun Rises" and "Fiesta"), was published in the United States – a disillusioned and beautifully composed portrait of the "lost generation". A novel about the hopeless and aimless wanderings of a group of expatriates in post-war Europe has given rise to the term "lost generation".
Several of Hemingway's early short stories from his first significant collection, In Our Time (1925), indirectly reflected childhood memories. The stories attracted critical attention with their stoic tone and objective, restrained manner of writing.
In 1927, Ernst and Hedley divorced and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer, whom he had met two years earlier. In April 1928, Pauline and Ernest leave Paris for Key West Island, near Florida. They had a son, Patrick, on June 28, 1928, and a second son, Gregory Hancock, on November 12, 1931.
Equally successful and equally pessimistic was the next novel, A Farewell to Arms (1929), about an American lieutenant deserting the Italian army and his English sweetheart dying in childbirth.
In August 1933, Hemingway traveled to Kenya, where he suffered from dysentery. After returning to the United States, he buys a fishing boat and goes to sea on it, and also seriously enjoys boxing and Martha Ellis Gellhorn (Martha Ellis Gellhorn), who soon becomes his wife.
The first triumphs were followed by several less notable works - "Death in the Afternoon" ("Death in the Afternoon", 1932) and "Green Hills of Africa" ("Green Hills of Africa", 1935); the latter is an autobiographical and detailed account of hunting large animals in Africa. "Death in the Afternoon" focuses on bullfighting in Spain, which the author sees as a tragic ritual rather than a sport; a second work on the same theme, "The Dangerous Summer", was published only in 1985.
In March 1937, Hemingway returned to journalism and went to Spain to write about the civil War - in total, he went there in 1937-38 four times.
In his novelTo Have and Have Not (1937), which takes place during the economic depression, Hemingway first discussed social problems and the possibility of coordinated, collective action. This new interest brought him back to Spain, which was torn apart by civil war. Hemingway's long stay in the country resulted in his only major play, The Fifth Column (1938), set in besieged Madrid.
On December 26, 1939, Hemingway separated from Pauline and moved to Cuba with Martha Gellhorn, and a year later they purchased a house in the village of San Francisco de Paula, a few miles from Havana.
The longest novel, the first large-scale and significant work after 1929, "For Whom the Bell Tolls" ("For Whom the Bell Tolls", 1940). In this book, which tells the story of the last three days of an American volunteer who gave his life for the republic, it is argued that the loss of freedom in one place damages it everywhere.
During the war, he continued to write, published several books, and hunted German submarines in his longboat. In 1944, he came to London to write some war stories, and at breakfast at Irwin Shaw's, he met Mary Welsh, who on May 2, 1945, became his fourth wife.
His new novelAcross , Across the River and into the Trees ( the Trees1950), about an elderly American colonel in Venice, received a cold reception. But the next book, the story "The Old Man and the Sea" ("The Old Man and the Sea", 1952), was almost unanimously recognized as a masterpiece.
In June 1953, they went on a one-and-a-half-year safari to Kenya. Hemingway won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature for his novel " The Old Man and the Sea." In the 1950s, he and Marta traveled to Europe several times. Hemingway continues to write and publishes several new books.
Three collections of Hemingway's short stories – "In our time", "Men without Women" ("Men without Women", 1927) and "Winner takes Nothing" ("Winner Takes Nothing", 1933) cemented his reputation as an outstanding storyteller and generated numerous imitators.
In his personal life, Hemingway was characterized by the same activity that the heroes of his books showed, and part of his fame is due to various non-literary adventures. In recent years, he has owned an estate in Cuba and homes in Key West, Florida and Ketchum, Idaho.
In 1959-1961, Hemingway, who suffered from cirrhosis of the liver, was secretly admitted to the hospital several times,but could not improve his health. On July 2, 1961, he committed suicide by shooting himself in the forehead with a hunting double-barrelled shotgun.
The central characters of Hemingway's novels and some short stories are very similar and have been collectively named "Hemingway's hero". A much smaller role is played by the "Hemingway heroine" - an idealized image of a selfless, compliant woman, the hero's lover: the Englishwoman Catherine in "Farewell to Arms", the Spaniard Maria in "For Whom the bell tolls", the Italian Renata in "Across the River, in the shade of trees". A somewhat less clear-cut but more significant image that plays a key role in Hemingway's writings is that of a person who embodies what is sometimes called the "Hemingway code" in matters of honor, bravery, and resilience.
Hemingway's literary reputation is largely based on the style of his prose, which he honed with great care. Under the strong influence of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain, and some of S. Crane's works, and having learned the lessons of Gertrude Stein, S. Anderson, and other writers, he developed a completely new, simple, and clear style in post-war Paris. The manner of his writing, which is basically conversational, but stingy, objective, unemotional and often ironic, influenced writers all over the world and, in particular, significantly revived the art of dialogue.
After World War II, during which Hemingway worked as a war correspondent, in 1944 participated in the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, the writer creates the novel "Across the River in the shade of trees" (1950), the story "The Old Man and the Sea" (1952), which brings him the Nobel Prize. Posthumously published books "A holiday that is always with you "(1964) and" Islands in the ocean " (1970). In reviews of the novel "The Old Man and the Sea", critics emphasized that Hemingway created a hymn to man.
The book of short stories "In our time" clearly shows the motives of early Hemingway-bitterness and despair, courageous refusal of self-deception, the ability to understand the beauty of life and enjoy it. At the same time, Hemingway develops specific elements of his writing, which will be called the "iceberg principle". Hemingway's style, emphatically restrained, even dry, devoid of lofty concepts, is designed to emphasize the desire of his characters to avoid falsehood. The famous Hemingway subtext, which no one has been able to repeat, is built on the combination of spoken and unsaid, when a pause exposes the hidden meaning, conveying the psychological tension of the situation. Well-defined, musical phrases visualize the picture, and the reader feels unspoken longing, pain, and despair.

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