Introduction 3 chapter chapter I fictional languages in the context of modern reality 5

2.2.1. Functions of "newspeak" in the artistic space of the novel

The novel "1984" belongs to the genre of negative utopia or dystopia. The main way of depiction in dystopia is parody, most often a parody of traditional political utopia with its characteristic features. In his novel, J. Orwell parodies the situation of general unanimity and the absence of internal conflicts, making unanimity violent. The utopian attitude towards the old is also parodied; culture, which, by all means, must be overcome.
So, all the classics are translated into Newspeak: Chaucer , Shakespeare , Milton , Byron - they'll exist only in Newspeak versions , not only changed into something different , but actually changed into something contradictory of what they used to be " ( Orwell , 2015:47). “Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Byron will remain only in the Newspeak version, transformed not just into something else, but into their own opposite” (Orwell, 2016: 131).
The linguistic changes that took place in the English language, and witnessed by J. Orwell, became the main object of his parody. The writer repeatedly expressed his attitude to these changes in his essays (“Politics and the English Language”, “Suppression of Literature”): “Our civilization is in decline and language ... must inevitably share a general “collapse” ( Orwell , 1986: 395). According to Orwell, these changes threatened democracy and freedom of speech.
According to J. Orwell, totalitarianism manifested itself not only in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, but also in prosperous Western Europe. All the ideologies that dominate these countries - communism, fascism and pacifism - are ultimately forms of power worship.
Political language, such as Newspeak, must solve ideological problems. An example of solving such problems is a fragment of an official message from the Ministry of Plenty, about the latest achievements in production: "" Comrades ! ''' cried an eager vouthful voice . "Attention, comrades! We have slorious news for you. We have won the battle for production! Returns now completed of the output of all classes of consumption goods show that the standard of living has risen by no less than twenty per cent over the past year. All over Oceania this morning there were irrepressible spontaneous demonstrations when workers marched out of factories and offices and paraded through the streets with banners voicing their gratitude to Big Brother for the new happy life which his wise leadership has bestowed upon us . are some of the completed figures . Foodstuffs ..." (p. 51). - "Comrades!" - shouted an energetic young voice. - "Attention, comrades! Wonderful news! Victory on the production front. The final reports on the production of all types of consumer goods show that, compared with last year, the standard of living has risen by at least twenty per cent. An unstoppable wave of spontaneous demonstrations swept across Oceania this morning . The working people left factories and institutions and marched through the streets with banners, expressing gratitude to Big Brother for a new happy life under his wise leadership.
Here are some of the bottom lines. Manufactured goods..." (p. 135).
The message of the Ministry of Abundance is saturated with clichés and clichés with powerful positive or negative appraisal . They are aimed at the emotions of the recipient, designed to arouse his empathy, to prevent a person from logically perceiving reality.
Secondly, the message about the achievements of the industry is likened to a military report from the front and is a detailed metaphor, saturated with military vocabulary ( the battle for production , marched out , paraded , with banners ). The tone of the military report keeps the population in emotional tension, does not allow them to think differently.
In addition, there are no ambiguous assessments in this message, there is no room for another, different from the official opinion. The official language relies on primitive thinking, the maximalism of the audience, accustomed to seeing the world in black and white, without halftones, so Newspeak uses the setting “ Angsots is the only true and only possible teaching” as a means of controlling consciousness.
Thus, the parodic-satirical function of "newspeak" should be singled out.
In addition, "newspeak" performs the function of spatio-temporal localization. To organize the artistic space, J. Orwell uses both explicit and implicit means. Mentions of the names of real-life geographical objects refer to explicit means: Russia, Europe, Tibet, the British Isles, the USA, Portugal, Mongolia, the Bering Strait, etc.: “ With the absorption of Europe by Russia and the british Empire by the United States , two of the three existing powers , Eurasia and Oceania , were already effectively in being . <...> Eurasia comprises the whole of the northern part of the European and Asiati with land-masses , from Portugal to the Bering Strait. Oceania comprises the Americas, the Atlantic islands including the British Isles, Australsia , and the southern portion of Africa” (p. 153). - " After how _ _ Russia swallowed up Europe , and United
States - the British Empire, in fact, two of them [superpowers] have developed. <...> Eurasia occupies the entire northern part of the European and Asian continents, from Portugal to the Bering Strait. Oceania includes both Americas, the Atlantic islands, including the British, Australasia and South Africa ”(p. 239).
Monetary units adopted in Oceania become explicit means of organizing artistic space. Dollars and cents replaced the traditional English pound and pence. The names of the traditional currency survived only in the memory of the proles and in the old song. The replacement of the usual English currency by the American one suggests that J. Orwell considered it possible for the United States to fully expand in the future.
However, by creating the illusion of the authenticity of the events described in the novel, the author allows the reader to imagine the world of "1984" as fiction. Orwell uses implicit means to expand the boundaries of the real. Implicit means of spatial characterization include fictitious geographical names: Oceania ( Oceania ), Runway I ( Airstrip I), Malabar Front ( the Malabar front ), Eastasia ( Ostasia ), Australasia ( Australasia ), etc.
The indication of exact time periods, and in particular event dates, is used in the novel as an explicit temporal localization. These absolute temporary indicators are autosemantic : "For example, it appeared from the Times of the seven- teenth of March that Big Brother in his speech of the previous day, had predicted that the South Indian front would remain quiet..." (p. 35). - “For example, from the report of the Times of March 17, it was clear that the day before in his speech, Elder Brother predicted a lull on the South Indian front ...” (p. 119).
In addition to explicit means, the novel also contains implicit means of temporal localization. These include lexemes with the semantics "time" and "referring to the previous period of time" ( past , old , archaic , old-fashioned , ancient , dead , etc.), as well as anthroponyms,
whose referents the reader associates with a certain historical stage: “ An old fashioned glass clock with a twelve hour face was ticking away on the mantlepiece " (p. 81). - “An old glass clock with a twelve-hour dial was ticking on the mantelpiece” (p. 166).
Measures of weight, volume, and monetary units should also be considered as another means of temporal localization. Oceania is the England of the future in the view of J. Orwell, however, the citizens of Oceania use European measures of weight and volume. Instead of English pints, ounces and pounds, calculations are made in liters, grams and kilograms; the old measures remained only in the memory of the old people: "" And what in hell's name is a pint ?" said the barman , leaning forward with the tips of his fingers on the counter .
"'Ark at ' im ! Calls ' isself a barman and don't know what a pint is? Why, a pint's the ' alf of a quart, and there's four quarts to the gallon. 'Ave to teach you the
A , B , C next."
"Never heard of'em ," said the barman shortly. "Liter and half liter - that's all we serve. There's the glasses on the shelf in front of you"" (p. 75). - " Yes what behind devilry like a pint ? - objected bartender , rest your head fingers in rack .

• 
  No, did you hear? The bartender is called - he doesn't know what a pint is! A pint is half a quart ; and four quarts is a gallon. Maybe teach you the alphabet ?
  
• 
  Never heard, - cut off the bartender. - Serve a liter, serve half a liter - and that's it ”(p. 159).
  

An important means of implicit temporal localization are such elements of Newspeak as neologisms that determine technical inventions that act as time markers ( telescreen , speakwrite , versificator , etc.) : this moment the telescreen let out a piercing whistle (p. 55). - “Here the telescreen emitted a piercing whistle” (p. 139); "That the right of the speakwrite , a small pneumatic tube for written messages ..." (p. 34). - “To the right of the speech writing is a small pneumatic tube for printing jobs ...” (p. 118).
One of the most important functions of Newspeak in the novel is the compositional organization of the text. Each of the three parts into which the novel is divided describes the successive stages of the hero's life. Newspeak throughout all three parts connects these parts into a single whole, and also forms a kind of frame.
So, party slogans - dogmas, meaningless, but untouchable, begin and end the first part of the novel: "WAR IS PEAGE (WAR IS PEACE)" "FREEDOM IS SLAVERY (FREEDOM IS SLAVERY)" "IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH ". Such a border marks the boundary between the outside world and the inner world of the work, i.e. the world of Oceania, and provides a transition in the narrative from an external point of view to an internal one.
The main semantic load in the second part of the novel falls on the inserted text - a book by E. Goldstein "The Theory and Practice of Oligarchic Collectivism", which criticizes the fundamental doctrines of Angsots . This book formulates the main political views of J. Orwell himself.
The slogans presented in the first part of the novel are repeated in the second part: they echo in the title of the chapters of Goldstein 's book : the first chapter: Ignorance is strength, and the third: War is peace.
The action in the third part of "1984" takes place within the walls of the Ministry of Love, where Winston is tortured and interrogated for the purpose of "re-education". The criterion of Winston's ideological, intellectual and emotional "correction" is his attitude towards slogans written in accordance with all the characteristics of "Newspeak".
In the text of "1984", "newspeak" appears as a marker of one of the characters - O'Brien , an officer of the internal party, for whom Winston suddenly took a liking, hoping that they were like-minded people. Everything the reader learns about O'Brien is based on Winston's conclusions, and we remain in doubt whether he is Winston's friend or foe until the very end, until the protagonist himself learns the truth.
For O'Brien " newspeak " became _ _ occasion for meetings with Winston : ""I was reading one of your Newspeak articles in the Times the other day. You take a scholary intereset in Newspeak, I believe?" (p. 130) . days I read your article on the Newspeak in " Time ". I understand that your interest in Newspeak is of a scientific nature?” (p. 216).
Winston's conversation with Syme , a party worker directly involved in editing the Newspeak dictionary, takes place during a lunch break in the ministerial dining room. The discussion of "Newspeak" in this episode is closely intertwined with the topic of "stomach": there is a description of disgusting food, sickening smells and dirt in the dining room (a greasy tray - greasy tray, a sour metallic smell - the sour metallic smell of a roast, the fumes of Victory gin - the ubiquitous odor of the Victory gin, a filthy liquid mess that had the appearance of vomit - dirty slush resembled vomit).
Syme's remarks, in which he describes the work on the dictionary, are accompanied by a description of the process of his meal: “Not a bit hungrily into his bread and swallowed a couple of mouthfuls , then continued speaking , with a sort of pedant's passion . His thin dark face had become animated, his eyes lost their mocking expression and grown almost dreamy” (p. 45). — " He greedily took a bite bread , chewed and with pedantic heat continued speech . His thin dark face brightened. The mockery in the eyes disappeared, and they became almost dreamy” (p. 129).
""We're destroying words - scores of them, hundreds of them, every day. We're cutting the tongue down to the bone... It's a beautiful thing, the destruction of words <...> You don't grasp the beauty of the destruction of the word"" (p. 45-46). - "" We destroy words - tens , hundreds daily . If you like, we leave the skeleton of the language <...> It's wonderful to destroy words... The beauty of destroying words has not been revealed to you" (p. 129-130).
a derogatory description of the character, the author calls into question all the evaluative characteristics given by Syme , and the destruction of words is equated with the repulsive act of devouring food.
In the text of the novel, one chapter is devoted to "newspeak", as well as a separate appendix, but it is not used directly to characterize the heroes of "1984". However, the characters are characterized based on their relationship to the so-called " Old Speech " (traditional language) and "Newspeak". It follows that, "newspeak" performs the function of characterization of characters.