Introduction 1

Contents

1. 
   Abstract 1
   
2. 
   Introduction 1
   
   1. 
      Overview of Idling 1
      
   2. 
      Statement of the Problem 2
      
3. 
   System Information 3
   
   1. 
      Starter Battery 4
      
   2. 
      Starter Motor 5
      
   3. 
      Exhaust Emissions 7
      
4. 
   Starter System Evaluation 8
   
   1. 
      Battery Life Factors 8
      
   2. 
      Factors Affecting Starter Motor Life 9
      
   3. 
      Vehicle Operation Model 10
      
5. 
   Economic Model 12
   
   1. 
      Overview of Economic Model 12
      
   2. 
      Economic Factors 13
      
6. 
   Conclusion 17
   
   1. 
      Issues with Start Cycles 17
      
   2. 
      Best Practices 18
      
7. 
   References 19
   

Appendix: Industry Experts Consulted 20
Figures
1: Typical Vehicle ICE Starting System Diagram 3
2: Starter Motor Diagram 5
3: Estimated Starter Replacement Costs 6
4: Alternator Exploded View 7
5: Battery Life Factors Quantification 9
6: Starter Motor Failure Potential Quantification 10
7: Battery Life Factors per Additional Starts per Day 11
8: Incremental Starter Failure Potential per Additional Starts per Day over 10-Year Vehicle
Useful Life 12
9: Engine Idle Fuel Rate Estimation 13
10: Fuel Flow for Idling versus Restart 14
11: Starter Replacement Cost Factors 14
12: Battery Replacement Cost Factors 15
13: Two-Liter Engine Economic Model Results 16
14: Three-Liter Engine Economic Model Results 16
15: Four-Liter Engine Economic Model Results 17
16: Five-Liter Engine Economic Model Results 17
17: Starter System Points of Interest 18
18: Start Cycles per Day versus Starter System Longevity for Average Short-Range Driving 19
Table
1: Economic Analysis Assumptions 12

1.