Introducing English Linguistics

particle in the second turn:
S3: yes we use, we simply use the arrow to say which is the positron so
the arrow denotes the direction of, electric charge, this way it’s nega-
tive that way it’s positive. yeah? yes?
S5: does the W
particle have mass?
S3: which one?
(MICASE COL485MX069)
Likewise, ones in E’s turn substitutes for kids in B’s turn:
<$B> <#> And I like withheld recess from several 
kids on on Thursday
<$E> <#> Well did you give candy to the ones that got excellents 
(SBCSAE)
While the same in the last sentence below is a noun phrase, it does not sub-
stitute for another noun phrase but instead a much larger structure: every-
thing the speaker says the mother did in the utterances preceding the same:
Yeah. I mean, your mother sat by the fire for years Yes, yeah, controlling
everything. Yeah, oh yeah, so she thought. Yeah, yeah. And you did the
same
did you?
(BNC K65 1102)
The next two examples contain the adverb so which occurs along with the
verbs do and thought (as well as too in the second example). In the first exam-
ple, so substitutes for the predication generate the bulk of our money supply.
The need for state interference in this market springs from the fact that
it is no longer the state but the commercial banks which