Intizomova Dinora 433 group 2-task

Intizomova Dinora 433 group 2-task

From TYPOLOGY

Answers

1. 
   Linguistic typology is a subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity of the world's languages. It includes three subdisciplines: qualitative typology, which deals with the issue of comparing languages and within-language variance, quantitative typology, which deals with the distribution of structural patterns in the world’s languages, and theoretical typology, which explains these distributions.
   
2. 
   Qualitative typology develops cross-linguistically viable notions or types which provide a framework for the description and comparison of individual languages. In psycholinguistics, application of this study comes under the heading of syntax. Quantitative typology deals with the distribution and co-occurrence of structural patterns in the languages of the world. Two major types of non-chance distribution are preferences (for instance, absolute and implicational universals, semantic maps, hierarchies) and correlations (areal patterns, for instance, Sprachbund).
   
3. 
   The term “theory” generally contrasts either with “practice/application” (cf. Leibniz’s motto “theoria cum praxi”), or with “experiment/data”. So we could talk about experimental methods or corpus data vs. theoretical interpretation of the data, and linguists often do, of course. But in what sense could language typology be subsumed under either “practice” or “data”? The term “typology” implies classification, and any kind of data classification is theoretical. So language typology is by definition a theoretical enterprise. (Not all of theoretical linguistics is typological, though: Language-particular studies are also theoretical to the extent that they go beyond data collection and do not have applied goals.)
   
4. 
   Balthasar Bickel holds the chair of general linguistics in Zurich. His core interest are the regional and universal factors shaping the distribution of linguistic diversity over time. For this, Bickel applies methods ranging from the statistical analysis of typological databases and corpora to ethnolinguistic fieldwork and experimental methods. A special focus area is the Himalayas where Bickel has been engaged in interdisciplinary projects on endangered languages and developing and analyzing corpora of them.
   
5. 
   Typology is sometimes viewed as a member of a triad: historical linguistics vs. contact linguistics vs. linguistic typology. Each of the three does language comparison. But while historical and contact linguistics look for similarities motivated by common origins or geographical proximity, linguistic typology is said to look for similarities motivated by neither, probably reflecting some general properties of human cognition or the common communicative purpose all languages serve. For historical or contact linguistics, comparing languages is also the main source of empirical data; but while these linguistic methods compare languages that are genealogically or areally close, linguistic typology is traditionally based on data from unrelated languages.
   

Answers

1.b 2.d 3.a 4.b 5.c 6.b 7.a 8.b 9.c 10.b 11.b 12.d