r e g i o na l p r o t e c t i o n o f h u m a n r i g h t s
375
The Charter of Paris, adopted at the Summit of Heads of State and
of Government in 1990,
184
called for more regular consultations at min-
isterial and senior official level and marked an important stage in the
institutionalisation of the process, with a Council of Foreign Ministers,
a Committee of Senior Officials and a secretariat being established. The
section on Human Rights, Democracy and Rule of Law consisted of a list
of human rights, including the right to effective remedies, full respect for
which constituted ‘the bedrock’ for the construction of ‘the new Europe’.
The Moscow Human Dimension meeting of 1991
185
described the Human
Dimension mechanism as an essential achievement of the CSCE process
and it was strengthened. The time-limits provided for at Copenhagen
were reduced
186
and a resource list of experts was to be established,
187
with three experts being appointed by each participating state in order
to allow for CSCE missions to be created to assist states requesting such
help in facilitating the resolution of a particular question or problem
related to the human dimension of the CSCE. The observations of the
missions of experts together with the comments of the state concerned
were to be forwarded to CSCE states within three weeks of the submis-
sion of the observations to the state concerned and might be discussed
by the Committee of Senior Officials, who could consider follow-up
measures.
188
By the time of the Helsinki Conference in 1992, the number of partic-
ipating states had risen to fifty-two,
189
the political climate in Europe
having changed dramatically after the establishment of democratic
regimes in Eastern Europe, the ending of the Soviet Union and the rise of
tensions in Yugoslavia and other parts of Eastern Europe. The participat-
ing states strongly reaffirmed that Human Dimension commitments were
matters of direct and legitimate concern to all participating states and did
not belong exclusively to the internal affairs of the states concerned, while
184
See 30 ILM, 1991, p. 190.
185
See 30 ILM, 1991, p. 1670 and Cm 1771 (1991).
186
So that, for example, the written responses to requests for information were to occur
within ten days, and the bilateral meetings were to take place as a rule within one week
of the date of request, Section I(1).
187
The Council of Ministers of the CSCE subsequently decided that the Office of Democratic
Institutions and Human Rights (formerly the Office for Free Elections) would be the
appropriate institution establishing the resource list.
188
A variety of missions have now been employed in, for example, Nagorno-Karabakh,
Georgia, Chechnya, Moldova and Croatia. See generally
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