t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f h u m a n r i g h t s
305
example, Afghanistan, Cuba, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala,
Iran, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Iraq. Special Rap-
porteurs were also appointed to deal with particular thematic concerns
such as summary executions, torture, mercenaries, religious intolerance
and the sale of children. In an attempt to provide some co-ordination, the
first meeting of special rapporteurs and other mechanisms of the special
procedures of the Commission took place in 1994.
210
A series of informal working groups were created to prepare drafts
of international instruments, such as the Declaration on Religious In-
tolerance, the Convention against Torture and instruments on minority
rights and the rights of the child.
211
The Commission also established a
Group of Three pursuant to article IX of the Apartheid Convention to
consider states’ reports under that Convention. In 1970 a new procedure
for dealing with human rights complaints was introduced in ECOSOC
resolution 1503 (XLVIII).
212
By virtue of this resolution as modified in
2000,
213
the Sub-Commission appointed annually a Working Group on
Communications to meet to consider communications received and to
pass on to the Sub-Commission those that appeared to reveal ‘a con-
sistent pattern of gross and reliably attested violations of human rights’.
These were examined by the Working Group on Situations of the Sub-
Commission which then determined whether or not to refer particular
situations to the Commission.
214
Those so transmitted were examined in
two separate closed meetings by the Commission, which then decided
whether or not to take further action, such as appointing an independent
expert or discussing the matter under the resolution 1235 public proce-
dure. The procedure, which was confidential until the final stage, did not
fulfil initial high expectations. The confidentiality requirement and the
highly political nature of the Commission itself combined to frustrate
hopes that had been raised.
215
210
See E/CN.4/1995/5. See also the report of the meeting of special rapporteurs/repre-
sentatives/experts and chairpersons of working groups of the special procedures of the
Commission on Human Rights and of the advisory services programme, May 1995,
E/CN.4/1996/50.
211
See e.g.
UN Action
, pp. 20–3.
212
See e.g. P. Alston, ‘The Commission on Human Rights’ in Alston,
United Nations and
Human Rights
, pp. 126, 145 ff., and M. Bossuyt, ‘The Development of Special Procedures
of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights’, 6 HRLJ, 1985, p. 179.
213
ECOSOC resolution 2000/3.
214
See also Sub-Committee resolution 1 (XXIV), 1971.
215
See e.g. T. Van Boven, ‘Human Rights Fora at the United Nations’ in
International Human
Rights Law and Practice
(ed. J. C. Tuttle), Philadelphia, 1978, p. 83; H. M¨oller, ‘Petition-
ing the United Nations’, 1
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