Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles provided for the creation of the
International Labour Organisation, among the purposes of which were
the promotion of better standards of working conditions and support for
the right of association.
33
The impact of the Second World War upon the
development of human rights law was immense as the horrors of the war
and the need for an adequate international system to maintain interna-
tional peace and protect human rights became apparent to all. In addition,
the rise of non-governmental organisations, particularly in the sphere of
human rights, has had an immense effect.
34
While the post-Second World
War world witnessed the rise of intergovernmental committees and organs
and courts to deal with human rights violations, whether by public debate,
states’ reports, comments, inter-state or individual petition procedures,
recent years have seen the interposition of domestic amnesty laws and this
29
See above, chapter 5, p. 224.
30
See generally P. Thornberry, ‘Is There a Phoenix in the Ashes? – International Law and Mi-
nority Rights’, 15
Texas International Law Journal
, 1980, p. 421; C. A. Macartney,
National
States and National Minorities
, London, 1934, and I. Claude,
National Minorities: An In-
ternational Problem
, Cambridge, 1955. See also M. N. Shaw, ‘The Definition of Minorities
in International Law’ in
Protection of Minorities and Human Rights
(eds. Y. Dinstein and
M. Tabory), Dordrecht, 1992, p. 1.
31
See e.g. the
Minority Schools in Albania
case, PCIJ, Series A/B, No. 64, 1935, p. 17.
32
See Thornberry, ‘Phoenix’, pp. 433–54, and M. Jones, ‘National Minorities: A Case Study
in International Protection’, 14
Law and Contemporary Problems
, 1949, pp. 599, 610–24.
See further below, p. 293.
33
See further below, p. 338.
34
See e.g. Steiner, Alston and Goodman,
International Human Rights
, pp. 1420 ff., and
C. Chinkin, ‘The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in Standard Setting, Monitor-
ing and Implementation of Human Rights’ in
The Changing World of International Law in
the 21st Century
(eds. J. J. Norton, M. Andendas and M. Footer), The Hague, 1998.
272
i n t e r nat i o na l l aw
has given rise to the question of the acceptability of impunity.
35
Further
developments have included the establishments of truth and reconcilia-
tion commissions
36
and various other alternative justice systems such as
the Rwandan Gaccaca court system,
37
while the extent to which partic-
ipants in the international legal system apart from states have become
involved both in the process of formulating and seeking the implementa-
tion of human rights and in being the subjects of human rights concern
and regulation is marked.
38
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