i n t e r nat i o na l l aw a n d m u n i c i pa l l aw
143
country’ or else be of such a nature that it could hardly be supposed any
civilised state would repudiate it. Lord Mansfield’s view in
Triquet’s
case
could not be so interpreted as to include within the common law rules of
international law which appear in the opinions of textbook writers and as
to which there is no evidence that Britain ever assented.
58
This emphasis on
assent, it must be noted, bears a close resemblance to the views put forward
by the Court in
R
v.
Keyn
as to the necessity for conclusive evidence
regarding the existence and scope of any particular rule of customary law.
Indeed, the problem is often one of the uncertainty of existence and scope
of customary law.
Not long after the
West Rand
case, another important dispute came
before the courts. In
Mortensen
v.
Peters
,
59
a Danish captain was con-
victed by a Scottish court for contravening a fishing by-law regarding the
Moray Firth. His ship had been operating within the Moray Firth and
was within the area covered by the relevant by-law, but it was beyond
the three-mile limit recognised by international law. The issue came to
the Scottish Court of Justiciary, where Lord Dunedin, in discussing the
captain’s appeal, concentrated upon the correct construction to be made
of the relevant legislation. He noted that an Act of Parliament duly passed
and assented to was supreme and the Court had no option but to give
effect to its provisions. In other words, statutes had predominance over
customary law, and a British court would have to heed the terms of an
Act of Parliament even if it involved the breach of a rule of international
law. This is so even though there is a presumption in British law that the
legislation is to be so construed as to avoid a conflict with international
law. Where such a conflict does occur, the statute has priority and the
state itself will have to deal with the problem of the breach of a customary
rule.
60
This modified incorporation doctrine was clearly defined by Lord Atkin
in
Chung Chi Cheung
v.
R
.
61
He noted that:
international law has no validity except in so far as its principles are accepted
and adopted by our own domestic law . . . The courts acknowledge the ex-
istence of a body of rules which nations accept among themselves. On any
judicial issue they seek to ascertain what the relevant rule is, and having
58
Ibid.
, pp. 407–8.
59
(1906) 8 F.(J.) 93.
60
See also 170 HC Deb., col. 472, 4 March 1907 and the Trawling in Prohibited Areas
Prevention Act 1909.
61
[1939] AC 160; 9 AD, p. 264. See also
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: