International labour office geneva

Contents 

Page 

List of abbreviations and acronyms ...................................................................................................  

v

 

Preface ...............................................................................................................................................  

vii

 

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................  

1

 

2. Determinants and characteristics of migration outflows in Egypt ................................................  

3

 

Migration outflows in Egypt (over time/destination/type) ......................................................  

3

 

Reasons behind migration (economic/social/political): ..........................................................  

8

 

Status of education and employment policies and their relationship with migration .............  

10

 

3. Institutional set-up governing migration in Egypt .........................................................................  13

 

Laws and regulations governing outward migration ...............................................................  

13

 

Policies adopted with regard to return migration and remittances ................................  

17

 

International migration agreements signed by Egypt ...................................................  

19

 

A discussion on EU migration policy (including circular migration) towards South 

Mediterranean countries with focus on Egypt ..............................................................  

21

 

Impact of migration on Egypt's development .........................................................................  

24

 

Utilization of remittances ..............................................................................................  

24

 

Brain drain ....................................................................................................................  

25

 

General impact of migration on economic and social developments in Egypt .............  

26

 

Impact of crisis on the status of migration and remittances ....................................................  

26

 

Conclusion and policy Implications ..................................................................................................  

29

 

Controlling irregular migration ...............................................................................................  

31

 

Dealing with EU changing policies .........................................................................................  

31

 

References .........................................................................................................................................  

33

 

Annex 1: Articles of the Association Agreement related to Migration .............................................  

39

 

EU & Egypt, Association Agreement, Title VI, Chapter 1: Dialogue and Cooperation on 

Social Matters .........................................................................................................................  

39

 

EU & Egypt, Association Agreement, Title VI, Chapter 2: Cooperation for the Prevention 

and Control of irregular immigration and other consular issues .............................................  

39

 

EU & Egypt, Association Agreement, Title VII, Financial Cooperation ................................  

40

 

Annex 2: European Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan ...................................................................  

43

 

Annex 3: List of Interviews ...............................................................................................................  

45

 

Labour migration for decent work, economic growth and development in Egypt  

iii 

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Labour migration for decent work, economic growth and development in Egypt  

v