International Criminal Law
334
restrict its jurisdiction to events occurring only during the war, effectively rendered
the offence almost synonymous to war crimes.
33
On the other hand, had the principal
Axis officials not been held accountable for their atrocious deeds, justice would have
been sacrificed and their impunity would have adversely affected future generations.
Prosecution under the terms of German law was inappropriate because the Reich
Government had decriminalised all the crimes committed in Germany and abroad.
It was exactly for this reason thatArt 6(c) upheld liability for crimes against humanity,
even if the said offence did not violate the domestic law of the country where it was
perpetrated. Perhaps, therefore, the creation of the IMT with the jurisdictional
competence granted to it under Art 6 represented the most appropriate solution as
the meting of justice was concerned, regardless of the legal sensitivities this exercise
necessarily entailed.
If one considers the consequences for the development of international law, and
more particularly the concept of individual criminal responsibility, had Churchill’s
option of summary execution been followed, the proceedings of the IMT may have
taken on a rosier hue. Whilst they may have been imperfect, they no doubt formed
the starting point for the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide, the 1949 Geneva Conventions, and the development of domestic
legislation amongst States prescribing the offences against international law as set
at Nuremberg.
34
12.4 THE IMTFE
Imperial Japan had waged wars of aggression in the vicinity of South East Asia since
1928, in an effort to subjugate and control that part of the world. However, Japanese
aggression entered the greater theatre of the Second World War from the moment its
forces attacked the US naval forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 8 December 1941,
although the Japanese army had previously attacked and occupied territories in
China, Thailand and others, some of which formed part of the British
Commonwealth. Therefore, the Pacific theatre of operations during the Second World
War encompasses merely one phase of the war and the parties involved. Since the
invasion of China in 1933, Chinese nationalist forces were engaged in a brutal war
with the Japanese army, which culminated in large scale atrocities against Chinese
civilians, the most notorious being the so called ‘Rape of Nanking’.
On 1 December 1943 the Cairo Declaration on World War II was made by the
Presidents of the US and Nationalist China and the Prime Minister of Great Britain.
It read, in relevant part, that:
The Three Great Allies are fighting this war to restrain and punish the aggression of
Japan. They covet no gain for themselves and have no thought of territorial expansion.
Prior to the signing of the Instrument of Japanese Surrender on 2 September 1945,
the allied forces adopted the Declaration of Potsdam on 26 July 1945. They reiterated
what was said in the Cairo Declaration, but added that:
33
F Biddle, ‘The Nuremberg Trial’, 33
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