Integrated Wireless-pon access Network Architectures Milos Milosavljevic


Chapter 2 Next Generation Access Networks



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Chapter 2 Next Generation Access Networks 
23 
OFDM is also used by mobile WiMAX as a multiple-access technique (OFDMA), whereby 
different users can be allocated to different subsets of the OFDM tones [25]. All transmission 
profiles currently defined by the WiMAX forum [35] specify a minimum 256-subcarrier OFDM 
out of which 192 are used for user data and the rest as overheads for wireless channel estimation 
and impairment mitigation due to the channel. 
Table 2-1: Fundamental characteristics of key WiMAX standards [23] 
802.16 
802.16d-2004 
802.16e-2005 
Frequency Band 
10GHz-60GHz 
2GHz-11GHz 
2GHz-6GHz 
mobile 
Application 
Fixed LOS 
Fixed NLOS 
Fixed and 
mobile NLOS 
Architecture 
Point-to-multipoint, 
mesh 
Point-to-multipoint, 
mesh 
Point-to-
multipoint, 
mesh 
Transmission 
Scheme 
Single carrier 
Single carrier, 256 
OFDM or 2048 OFDM 
Single carrier, 
256 OFDM, or 
scalable 
OFDM with 
128, 512, 1024 
or 2048 
subcarriers 
Gross Data Rate 
32Mbps-134Mbps 
1Mbps-75Mbps 
1Mbps-
75Mbps 
Multiplexing 
Burst TDM/TDMA 
Burst TDM/TDMA, 
OFDMA 
Burst 
TDM/TDMA, 
OFDMA 
Duplexing 
TDD and FDD 
TDD and FDD 
TDD and FDD 
 


Chapter 2 Next Generation Access Networks 
24 
2.3 Next Generation Developments
2.3.1 NG-PONs 
To provide higher transmission bandwidth alone, in view of the standards and their 
developments presented before, is not sufficient and should be accompanied by greater 
coverage and penetration. To that direction next generation PON (NG-PON) studies in network 
elements and architectures have evolved [2, 4, 18]. One approach would be to further increase 
the speed and reach/split of the existing PON standards, offering economical bandwidth and 
service upgrade by merging the access and metropolitan networks to grant cost savings for 
network operators [7, 20, 36, 37] and subsequently users.
Another approach would be to employ a greater number of wavelengths to rapidly increase the 
network throughput allowing for multiple media-rich services to be accommodated on a shared 
access network infrastructure simultaneously [2]. Also, to ensure flexibility and smooth 
migration, compatibility between TDM and next generation densely penetrated PONs is 
required [4]. In that direction the ITU-T has recently defined extended bands reserved for extra 
services to be overlaid via WDM over the current power-splitter infrastructures [38]. Another 
scenario involving the application of WDM is to assign a single wavelength to each subscriber 
to provide virtual point to point PON links in the form of a WDM-PON employing an arrayed 
waveguide grating (AWG) in the distribution point. The obvious merit of the latter, due to the 
dedicated bandwidth, would be greater security and protocol transparency [4, 39].
Figure 2-3 illustrates the resulting roadmap for NG-PON1 and NG-PON2, where NG-PON1 is 
viewed as a mid-term upgrade and NG-PON2 as a longer-term solution. The timeline shown 
reflects the nominal expected period for specification and publication of standards for NG-
PON1 and NG-PON2 [2]. 



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