Chapter 2 Next Generation Access Networks
23
OFDM is also used by mobile WiMAX as a multiple-access technique (OFDMA), whereby
different users can be allocated to different subsets of the OFDM tones [25]. All transmission
profiles currently defined by the WiMAX forum [35] specify a minimum 256-subcarrier OFDM
out of which 192 are used for user data and the rest as overheads for wireless channel estimation
and impairment mitigation due to the channel.
Table 2-1: Fundamental characteristics of key WiMAX standards [23]
802.16
802.16d-2004
802.16e-2005
Frequency Band
10GHz-60GHz
2GHz-11GHz
2GHz-6GHz
mobile
Application
Fixed LOS
Fixed NLOS
Fixed and
mobile NLOS
Architecture
Point-to-multipoint,
mesh
Point-to-multipoint,
mesh
Point-to-
multipoint,
mesh
Transmission
Scheme
Single carrier
Single carrier, 256
OFDM or 2048 OFDM
Single carrier,
256 OFDM, or
scalable
OFDM with
128, 512, 1024
or 2048
subcarriers
Gross Data Rate
32Mbps-134Mbps
1Mbps-75Mbps
1Mbps-
75Mbps
Multiplexing
Burst TDM/TDMA
Burst TDM/TDMA,
OFDMA
Burst
TDM/TDMA,
OFDMA
Duplexing
TDD and FDD
TDD and FDD
TDD and FDD
Chapter 2 Next Generation Access Networks
24
2.3 Next Generation Developments
2.3.1 NG-PONs
To provide higher transmission bandwidth alone, in view of the standards and their
developments presented before, is not sufficient and should be accompanied by greater
coverage and penetration. To that direction next generation PON (NG-PON) studies in network
elements and architectures have evolved [2, 4, 18]. One approach would be to further increase
the speed and reach/split of the existing PON standards, offering economical bandwidth and
service upgrade by merging the access and metropolitan networks to grant cost savings for
network operators [7, 20, 36, 37] and subsequently users.
Another approach would be to employ a greater number of wavelengths to rapidly increase the
network throughput allowing for multiple media-rich services to be accommodated on a shared
access network infrastructure simultaneously [2]. Also, to ensure flexibility and smooth
migration, compatibility between TDM and next generation densely penetrated PONs is
required [4]. In that direction the ITU-T has recently defined extended bands reserved for extra
services to be overlaid via WDM over the current power-splitter infrastructures [38]. Another
scenario involving the application of WDM is to assign a single wavelength to each subscriber
to provide virtual point to point PON links in the form of a WDM-PON employing an arrayed
waveguide grating (AWG) in the distribution point. The obvious merit of the latter, due to the
dedicated bandwidth, would be greater security and protocol transparency [4, 39].
Figure 2-3 illustrates the resulting roadmap for NG-PON1 and NG-PON2, where NG-PON1 is
viewed as a mid-term upgrade and NG-PON2 as a longer-term solution. The timeline shown
reflects the nominal expected period for specification and publication of standards for NG-
PON1 and NG-PON2 [2].
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