«инглиз тили лексикологияси» кафедраси

According to the structure, word combinations are divided into:

English		Simple (all elements are obligatory)	Expanded to read and translate the text – expanded elements are equal in rank		Extended a word takes a dependent element and this dependent element becomes the head for another word: a beautiful flower a very beautiful flower
Russian		Simple (two notional words) белый плащ, готовиться к поездке	Complex (three and more notional words) очень старый плащ, готовится к завтрашней		-
			поездке
Uzbek	Simple (consists of two notional words) оқ қоғоз, кўм- кўк осмон		Complex (consists of extending the members of simple word combination) осмондаги уч ўрдак, ҳаммадан аълочи ўқувчи	-

In compared languages combinations of words can be classified according to the type of syntagmatic relations as follows:

English	Coordinate you and me	Subordinate to see a house, a nice dress	Predicative him coming, for him to come
Russian	Syntactically free высокий дом, идти в школу.	Syntactically bound три сестры, Aнютины глазки.	-
Uzbek	Independent китоб ва дафтар.	Dependent опамнинг китоби.	-

As it is seen in the table above there are some differences in classifying and naming the word combinations in compared languages. In independent relation, words have equal independent meaning. On the contrary, in dependent relations words are divided into thehead (kernel) element (word) and adjunct. In this kind of combinations, one of the words clarifies and fulfils another word.

Word combinations with the head element are represented by word groups that form a grammatically organized structure with one element sub-ordinate to the other element. The subordinating element is called the head of the word combination. In the following examples, the head elements are underlined: green leaves, to type a letter, quite simple. According to the head element word combinations have the following types in compared languages:
English → noun-phrases – a cup of tea, verb-phrases – to run fast, to see a house, adjective phrases – good for you, adverbial phrases – so quickly, pronoun phrases – something strange, nothing to do.
Russian → verb phrase – прыгать через верёвочку, бегал по двору, adverbial phrase – совсем близко, на едине стобой, nominal phrase: substantial – красное пальто, стол с тумбочкой, adjective – почти серьёзный, полный сомнения, красный отнатуги, pronoun - кто-нибудь из нас, я с товарищем, quantitative – один из нас, второй по порядку.
Uzbek→ verb phrase – вазифани бажармоқ, тез ўқиш, nominal phrase: noun phrase – кенг дала, adjective phrase – тухумдан кичик, quantitative phrase
–одамларнинг бири, pronoun phrase – ўқувчиларнинг ҳаммаси.
Types of dependent relation in Russian and Uzbek languages can be in three types: agreement, government, and adjoining (contact).
Agreement is not often found in Modern English, but it is widely used in Modern Russian and Uzbek. The agreement is agreeing with the head word and dependent word in number and person (this room-these rooms, that room-those rooms, I have a book-he has a book). Agreement in Modern Russian is found in such grammatical categories as gender, number, case, and person, and in Uzbek only in person and number: 1) Full forms of adjectives in Russian agree with corresponding nouns in gender, number and case (широкий залив, широкая река, широкое озеро – gender; широкий залив – широкого залива – case; широкий залив – широкие заливы – number). In theplural, no agreement in gender is observed (широкие заливы – no gender). 2) Short forms of adjective do not agree in case. In singular they agree in gender, number (город красив, площадь красива

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  gender; город красив – города красивы – number). In Plural they agree only in number. Cardinal-numerals in case (пяти домов, пятью домами). Verbs in Future and Present Tenses agree in number and person (ученик пишет, ученики пишут). In Uzbek, only two combinations can be connected in agreement: predicative and possessive connection. The predicative connection consists of subject and predicate and considered as a sentence. In this relation subject and predicate should be in same person and number (мен келдим, сиз келдингиз, у келди); in possessive connection, the head word is expressed with possessive inflection, thedependent word takes inflection of genitive case (бизнинг китобимиз, менинг китобим, Навоий ғазали).