1.2. English, Uzbek and Russian languages consonant phonemes
The inventory of phonemes is a starting point in thecomparative-
typological analysis. The typological analysis aims at describing structural units,
i.e. phonemes which function as formal items in the identification and distinction
of words and morphemes.
The inventory of the English consonants consists of 24 phonemes.
[p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [m], [n], [ŋ], [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h],
[tʃ], [dʒ], [j], [w], [r], [l].
The inventory of the Uzbek consonants consists of 25 phonemes.
[б], [в], [г], [д], [ж1], [j2], [(dj)], [з], [й], [к], [л], [м], [н], [п], [р], [с], [т],
[ф], [x], [ч], [ш], [қ], [ғ], [ҳ], [ц].
The inventory of the Russian consonants consists of 36 phonemes.
[б], [б‘] [в], [в‘] [г], [г‘] [д], [д‘] [ж] [з], [з‘] [й‘] [к], [к‘] [л], [л‘] [м], [м‘]
[н], [н‘] [п], [п‘] [р], [р‘] [с], [с‘] [т], [т‘] [ф], [ф‘] [х], [х‘] [ц] [ч‘] [ш] [щ‘].
The consonant system of all compared languages is classified according to
the articulatory and acoustic features.
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The general phonetic principles of classification of consonants in compared
languages are as follows:
a.)
The place of articulation
b.)
the manner of production;
c.)
the presence or absence of voice;
d.)
the position of the soft palate;
Similarity and differences between them can be seen in the tables below:
The place of articulation
English
Uzbek
Russian
bilabial
Labial
Labial
labiodentals
Lingual
labial-dental
dental
Glottal
Foredental
alveolar
Dental
postalveolar
palatal
velar
uvular
pharyngeal
glottal
retroflex
The manner of production
English
Uzbek
Russian
1. occlusive
explosive
Fricative:
a) middle fricative
b) side fricative
2. constrictive
(fricative)
Affricates
Occlusive:
a) explosive
b) affricates
c) implosive
d) nasal
3. occlusive-
constrictive
(affricates)
implosive
Vibrant
4. rolled
Nasal
5.
vibrant
The presence or absence of voice
English
Uzbek
Russian
Voiced
Voiced
Voiced
Voiceles
s
Voiceless
Voiceless
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The position of the soft palate
English
Uzbek
Russian
Sonorant
Sonorant
Sonorant
Noise consonants Noise consonants
Noise consonants
According to the palatalization of the tongue, theonly Russian language has
soft
and
hard
consonants.
Professor U. Yusupov differentiates some consonants in the following way.
The English consonants [t] and [d] are alveolar speech sounds, whereas their
Uzbek counterparts [т] and [д] are dental ones. The English [w], in contrast with
Uzbek [в], is pronounced with protruded lips. Also, in Uzbek, the voiced
consonants [б] and [д] become voiceless at the end of words, which is alien to
English:
мактаб
-
мактап
.
The consonants [ө,ð,w] can‘t be found in Uzbek. Likewise, the Uzbek
consonants [x, ғ, қ] do not exist in English. Moreover, Russian [ж], [й‘] phonemes
also cannot be found in English phoneme system.
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