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LECTURE 5. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY AS
DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
Key words:
Phonetics, articulatory, phonological, speech apparatus,
acoustic (physical)
Key points for discussion:
Theoretical foundations of phonetic and phonological typologies
Differences between phonetics and phonology
Comparison of vowel and consonant phonemes
Stress, intonation, assimilation, dissimilation, reduction, accent,
rhythm and pause.
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The term “phonetics” is the Greek word (“phone”-meaning sound,
voice and “tika” – a science/box) by origin. It deals with oral speech.
Nevertheless, the definition as “the study of the sounds of a language” is not
sufficient in modern linguistics.
Nowadays phonetics is a “science
which
studies
the
phonetic
substance and the expression area
of the language, or otherwise a
physical media of a language
(sounds,
syllables,
stress,
and
intonation)”
[A.
Abduazizov.2007,6].
Phonetics
has
the
following four main aspects:
articulatory (physiological)
acoustic (physical)
perceptual (auditory)
phonological (social, functional, linguistic).
Articulatory Phonetics investigates the functioning of one’s speech
apparatus and mechanism. It is based on profound knowledge of physiology
and the structure of one’s speech apparatus. While investigating the
articulatory aspect of speech sounds both subjective and objective methods
are employed: the method of direct observation (concerning the lips & the
tongue movements) – subjective method and X-ray photography and X-ray
cinematography (objective methods).
Acoustic Phonetics studies the acoustic properties of sounds (quantity,
timber/voice quality, intensity, the pitch of the voice and temporal factor) in
terms of the frequency of vibration and the amplitude of vibration in relation
to time. The analysis begins with a microphone, which converts the air
movement into corresponding electrical
activity. While investigating the acoustic
aspect
of
speech
sounds
special
laboratory equipment is employed:
spectrograph,
intonograph,
sound
analyzing
&
sound
synthesizing
machines.
Auditory Phonetics is aimed at
investigating the hearing process which
is the brain activity. Auditory Phonetics
and Acoustic Phonetics are very closely
connected.
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Functional Phonetics presupposes investigating the discriminatory
(distinctive)
function
of
speech
sounds.
Phonetics can be divided into several types like:
General phonetics. It studies universal positions of sound articulation
(for instance, identification of sounds according to the position the differences
of labial, tongue and throat consonants, according to the ways of articulation
of plosive, fricative and plosive-fricative features), although, general acoustic
features of sounds.
Specific phonetics. It investigates above mentioned issues in the
samples of certain languages. Specific phonetics researches phonetics in the
shapes of historical and modern, synchronic and diachronic, descriptive and
experimental sides.
Comparative phonetics investigates vowel and consonant phonemes,
their phonetic changes and others in thecomparative aspect of several
genetically related and non-related languages.
Phonology(sometimes called phonemics or phonematics) is the study of
how sounds are used in languages to convey meaning. The term of phonology
(Greek phone - sound, logos – science) appeared in linguistics in the necessity
of differentiating functional (linguistic) sides of speech sounds from the
physiological-acoustic (physic) sides in the end of XIX century. It studies the
rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds
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and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sounds systems of a language by
treating phoneme as the point of departure.
With another word, phonetics deals with sounds and phonology deals
with phonemes. Or else phonology deals with language sounds and phonetics
deals with human speech sounds.
Phonetics and phonology have two levels:
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