Industry Agenda Electric Vehicles for

Driven by national and local objectives for cleaner mobility,
through substitution of personal use ICEs with EVs 
Driven by local objectives to achieve smarter cities
and broader economic development 
Home, destination and highways with low integration with
energy systems and uncertain business models
Fully connected and shared, supporting flexible charging,
integrated with clean energy systems,
through a fully digital experience
Focused on traditional individual ownership model 
New mobility patterns such as fleets,
shared and autonomous electric vehicles 
Policy approach to
electrification
Charging infrastructure
development
Urban mobility
culture and patterns

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8
Electric Vehicles for Smarter Cities: The Future of Energy and Mobility
The focus should be on electrifying the vehicles with the 
highest use rates, such as public transport or mobility-as-
a-service fleets, which represent a higher volume of miles 
travelled. This approach also helps to avoid the main barriers 
to adoption by individual customers (concerns about vehicle 
range and charging) and long vehicle-replacement cycles. 
b. Mobility patterns
Status quo – proliferation
Mobility culture, such as the influence of society and age on 
vehicle ownership, and mobility patterns vary across countries 
and cities. In general, traditional vehicle-ownership models 
still play a central role in individuals’ commuting patterns, 
complemented by partially electrified public transport networks. 
The opportunity – transformation
The growth of mobility-as-a-service and an increase in the 
number of AVs will significantly alter urban mobility patterns, 
with the opportunity to reduce transport costs, improve traffic 
congestion and safety, and repurpose urban spaces currently 
used for parking.
The ease of mobility-as-a-service and shared mobility solutions 
may reduce the number of vehicles on the road as urban and 
suburban commuters use their personal vehicles less. This 
trend could be accelerated by AVs in the future, especially 
as the perception of customers evolves. In this scenario, the 
cost per mile of a shared AV is significantly lower than a self-
driven, personal-use ICE vehicle, creating a compelling value 
proposition for the customer (see Figure 13).
Figure 4: European emission regulations are set to become stricter through 2025
Note: 
1
EU6 regulations on emissions; RDE: Real-Driving Emissions
Sources: IHS Automotive Conference 2016, European Commission
Increasing penalties to auto makers for excess emission per vehicle
•
: 
•
• Max CO2 threshold
130g/km for all
passenger cars
• Costly NOx
reduction for diesel
(0.08 g/km)* 
• Challenges for
OEMs as worldwide
harmonized light
vehicle test cycles
(WLTC) for pollution
and fuel efficiency
go into place 
• Ambitious target set
for passenger cars
- innovation needed
from OEMs to live
up to targets 
Current average
2025
2021
Stricter emission regulations set towards 2025
Passenger vehicles
Light Commercial Vehicles
2014
• Stricter particle
number (PN)
regulations for
gasoline engines 
• Real driving
emissions (RDE)
test set to begin
(monitoring emissions
live on cars) 
2017
• Current average
emissions in Europe
for passenger
vehicles