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Mineral recourses of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan's mining industry is one of the country's most important and strategic industries. Uzbekistan is one of the world's largest producers of gold (ranked ninth) and of uranium (ranked seventh). Uzbekistan also produces copper, silver, coal, phosphate, molybdenum, potassium, tungsten, lead, zinc and other minerals.
Uzbekistan possesses most types of minerals. Different regions focus on different minerals. For example, Navoi province is famous for its large deposits of gold and uranium and Tashkent province for copper, coal and gold deposits.
Uzbekistan's legal system is based on civil law, which is similar to the Romano–Germanic system of law.
Exploration and development of minerals is regulated under a number of national laws and regulations. Exploration and mining rights are granted on the basis of a subsoil-use licence awarded to the subsoil user, through tenders or direct negotiations, by the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Geology and Mineral Resources.
The main act regulating the mining industry is the Law on Subsoil No. 444-II, new edition, dated 13 December 2002 (Subsoil Law). The Subsoil Law provides the fundamental legal framework governing exploration and development of all subsoil resources, including both minerals and oil and gas. The Subsoil Law provides for state licensing and control, rights and obligations, basic rules regarding efficient use of resources, types of subsoil use, duration of subsoil use, and other matters.
The industry is also regulated under a number of other laws and regulations, including the Resolution of the President of Uzbekistan on Terms and Conditions on Granting of Subsoil Use Rights No. PP-649 dated 7 June 2007 (Regulation PP-649), the Tax Code, Land Code, Labour Code and Environment Protection Law. It shall be noted that Regulation PP-649 established a procedure for granting a licence on subsoil-use rights for all subsoil minerals excluding construction materials. Granting subsoil-use rights for exploration and development of deposits of construction materials is regulated by the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Terms and Conditions on Granting of Subsoil Use Rights for Deposits of Construction Materials No. PP-1524 dated 2 May 2011. In addition to the above, the Law on Concessions dated 30 August 1995 (Concession Law) provides a legal basis for this form of right to develop mineral resources. However, this law has not yet been widely applied in practice. To date, there have not been any examples of concessions being negotiated and entered for mining projects in Uzbekistan. The difference between the regulatory framework in Uzbekistan and that of other countries is in the absence of any separation between mining and petroleum law and a common approach towards regulation of the mining industry and the oil and gas industry. The confusion is exacerbated by the Law on Production Sharing Agreements dated 7 January 2001 (PSA Law). The PSA Law applies, in addition to the Subsoil Law, in the case of affairs related to the conclusion, execution and termination of PSAs in the exploration and mining of mineral resources in Uzbekistan.
The United States of America (often called the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federalconstitutionalrepublic made of fiftystates and a federaldistrict. The forty-eightcontiguousstates and Washington, D.C., the capitaldistrict, are in central NorthAmerica, between the Pacific and AtlanticOceans. These forty-eight states are bordered by
Canada to the north and Mexico to the south.
Two states are not next to the other forty-eight states. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent. Canada is east of Alaska. Russia is west of Alaska across the BeringStrait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific.
The United States is 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²). There are about 306 million people living in it. This makes the United States the thirdorfourth largest country by total area, and third largest by land area and bypopulation. The United States is one of the world's most ethnicallydiverse and multicultural nations. This is because of large-scale immigrationfrommanycountries. The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2016 grossdomesticproduct (GDP) of US$ 18.57 trillion (23% of the world total based on nominal GDP and almost 21% at purchasingpowerparity
The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a federal republic and a representative democracy. The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), and other international organizations. The United States is a highly developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP, accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP. The U.S. economy is largely post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge-based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world. The United States is the world's largest importer and the second largest exporter of goods, by value. Although its population is only 4.3% of the world total, the U.S. holds 31% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country.
The United States of America consists of 50 states, 5 territories and 1 district (Washington D.C.). States can make laws about things inside the state, but federal law is about things dealing with more than one state or dealing with other countries. In some areas, if the federal government makes laws that say different things from the state laws, people must follow the federal law because the state law is not a law any more. Each state has a constitution of its own, different from the federal (national) Constitution. Each of these is like the federal Constitution because they say how each state's government is set up, but some also talk about specific laws.
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