Independence of uzbekistan

Shall (will) + ega + V?

Shall I ( we) work? Will he (you,they) work?

Og’zaki nutqda quyidagi qisqartmalar ishlatiladi: I’ll, He’ll, She’ll,, We’ll, You’ll, They’ll, I shan’t, I’ll not, hw won’t, he’ll not, She won’t, It won’t, It’ll not, We shan’t, We’ll not, You won’t, you’ll not, They won’t, They’ll not.

Oddiy kelasi zamonning ishlatilishi

1. Simple Future kelasi zamonda sodir bo’ladigan ish-harakatini ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:

He will return to Tashkent in a few U bir necha kun ichida

days.. Toshkentga qaytib keladi.

We shall not see him till Monday Biz uni dushanbagacha ko’rmaymiz.
He will be tired after his work. U ishidan keyin charchaydi.

They will take English lessons Ular haftada ikki marta ingliz

twice a week tili darsi o’tadilar (oldilar).

Exercises 36.Put the verb in Future Simple tense.

1. I want to get a medical check up. I (to go) to my doctor tomorrow. 2. He (to give) me a completeexamination.3. The nurse (to lead) me into eno of the examination rooms.4. I ( to take) off my clothes and (to put) on a hospuital gown. 5. Dr.Setton (to come) in,( to shake) my hand, and ( to say) ‘‘hello’’ . 6. I ( to stand) on his scale so he can measure my height and my weight. 7. he ( to take) my pulse. 8. Then he ( to take) my blood pressureбру ( to take) some blood for a blood analysis. 10. he (to examine) my eyes, ears,nose, and throst. 11. He (to listen) to my heart with a elethoscope. 12. Then he (to take a chest X-ray end (to do) a cardiogram (ECG or EKG) 13. After the check up I ( to go) home and ( wait ) for Dr.Setton’s call. 14. Dr.Setton ( to call) me tomorrow afternoon and ( to say) to me:’’Stop worring!Your blood analysis is axcellent.’’ He is a a very good doctor.
EVERYDAY TALK

Alec and Mary, two English students. The friends met in the street in

the evening. They are talking about their summer vacations.

Alec: Hello Mary. How do you do?

Mary: How do you do? Good evening, Alec?

Alec: How are you? Haven't seen you for ages.

Mary: I am well, thank you. Hope you are well too.

Alec: Fine, thanks. Have you been away?

Mary: Yes, I have just arrived from Brighton. I was spending my

summer holidays at the sea-side. Have you ever been there?

Alec: Yes, I have been there several times. It's a nice place, is in it? I

hope you have enjoyed yourself greatly.

Mary: Oh, yes. T have had a very nice time.

Alec: Did you go there alone?

Mary: No, together with my brother John and with Jane, an old

friend of mine. You remember her, don't you?

Alec: Sure. Has she graduated from college?

Mary: No, not yet. She is in last year. And what about you? Where

have you been during your vacations? Did you stay at home?

Alec: I have returned from my vacations too. I made a tour of the

Central Asian republics.

Mary: What an interesting tour you have made have you been to

Samarkand and Bukhara?

Alec: Yes, certainly. The architectural monuments of these two cities

are wonderful and beautiful. In the past Arab poets called Samarkand

the Eden of the ancient East.

Mary: I wonder how long it took you.

Alec: It took me about a couple of weeks. As a historian I wanted to

really get to know about Samarkand and Bukhara. I can call these

cities «the tales of Arabian Nights». Come and see me some day. I

shall show you many slides and photos of these fascinating places.

Mary: Thanks a lot. I shall be delighted. So long.

Alec: See you soon. Bye!

Vocabulary:

Student - student; Vacation - kanikul; Nice place - yoqimli hudud; Spent - o'tkazish; Week - hafta; Wonderful - ajoyib; Beautiful ~ chioyli; Called - nomlash; Tale - ertak; Graduated - bitirish;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   Have you been to Samarkand and Bukhara?
   
2. 
   How did are pots call Samarkand?
   
3. 
   What did Alec say to Mary?
   
4. 
   How did Alec call these two cities?
   
5. 
   What did Mary answer?
   

Grammar

Past Continuous Tense

(Davomi)

Past Continuous Tense (o'tgan zamon davom fe'li) ish-rakatning o'tgan zamonda aniq bir paytda davom etganligini bildiradi. Bu payt aniq vaqt ko'rsatilishi bilan ifodalanishi mumkin.

I was reading a book at 3 o'clock yesterday. Kecha soat 3 da men kitob o'qiyotgan edim.

He was working at 5 o'clock on Monday. Dushanba kuni soat 5 da u ishlayotgan edi.

She was watching TV when mother asked her to help about the house.

Onasi undan uy ishlariga yordam berishini so'raganida, u televizor ko'rayotgan edi.

Exersise 37 Use the verbs in the Past Simple and Past Continuous.

We (to walk) down the street in the direction оf Mike's house, when we- (to вее) him in the window оf а bus that (to pass) bу. Не (to recognize) us, too, but he could not get off as the bus (to bе) overcrowd­ed. We (to bе) very sorry that we (to have) nо chance to speak to him. But we could do nothing and (to decide) to go back. At that very moment we (to hear) Мike's voice behind uз. "How funny'" he (to say), "I (to go) to уоur place when I suddenly (to see) уоu here.I am so glad to зее уоu."

Exersise 38 Use the verbs in the Past Simple and Past Continuous.

The sun (to go) down behind the hi1ls when I (to reach) а village which (to bе) only а few miles from the sea. The working day (to bе) over, and the vil­lagers (to come) home from the fields. Along the road two bоуз (to drive) cows and sheep in the direction of the vi1lage. I (to approach) а group of people standing near the road and (to ask) them if I could find а place in the village to spend the night. An old mаn (to say) he would help me. Не (to take) me to his small cottage at the far end of the street. А fire (to burn) in the stove when we (to enter) the house.

ENGLISH GREETINGS AND CONGRATULATIONS

1. 
   Many things that are easy to English people in everyday life and talk are very difficult for those who studies English. So we shall explain some of them. When you meet somebody you ought to say „How do you do" and the answer is the same „How do you do" that seems nonsense, but it's just a greeting. You must remember and know it.
   
2. 
   If you want to know about your friend's health you ought to say „How are you?" the answer will be „Very well, thank you. How are you?" or „ I am fine (or well), thanks and how are you? " If you are not well, then the answer is „ Not very well ", „ Not too well " or „I am bad".
   
3. 
   Everybody knows that Englishmen like to talk about the weather. They usually use such phrases speaking on the weather „A nice day, isn't it? „A fine day, isn' it? „Its cold today, isn't or „Terrible weather we are having today, isn't it?" Remember that these phrases are not greetings.
   
4. 
   An English person generally says „Good morning", „Good afternoon", „Good evening". But he never says „Good night" in the evening. „Good night" is used only when a person is leaving some place or going to bed.
   

Vocabulary:

Health - sog'lik; Cold - sovuq; Weather - ob-havo; Remember - eslamoq; Phrases - ibora; Meet - uchratmoq;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What does an English person generally say in the evening and in the morning?
   
2. 
   What will you answer on the greeting "how are you" if you are not
   

well?

3. 
   What ought you to stay when you meet anybody
   
4. 
   What do Englishmen like to talk about?
   
5. 
   When does an English person say "good night?"
   

Grammar

Gerund

Gerundiy fe'lning shaxssiz shaklidir. Gerundiy belgisi -ing qo'shimchasidir. Gerundiy fe'llashgan ot yoki fe'lning noaniq zamoni shakli - infinitiv vositasida tarjima qilinadi.

Measuring - o'lchash, o'lchamoq Transmitting - uzatish, uzatmoq

Agarda gerundiy predlogsiz bo'lsa u ot va fe'lning noaniq shaklida tarjima qilinadi.

Testing a new device is important for us. Yangi asbobni sinash biz uchun muhimdir.

Agarda gerundiy oldida predlog yo'q bo'lsa u ega vazifasini bajaradi:

Testing a new device is important for us.

Gerundiy finish, start, begin fe'llaridan keyin vositasiz to'ldiruvchi bo'lib keladi.

At the institute he started studing electronic computers.

Electron hisoblash mashinalarini o'rganishni u institutda boshladi.

Gerundiy qo'shma kesimning ot qismi bo'lib keladi.

Our aim was measuring the amount of ionization. Maqsadimiz ionlashuv miqdorini aniqlash edi.

Gerundiy gapda boshqa vazifalani bajarganda uning oldida predlog keladi. Bu predloglar: of, by, in, before, on, for, after, without dir.

There are two ways of conducting a test. Sinovni o'tkazishning ikki usuli mavjud.

Predlog bilan kelgan gemndiy vositali to'ldiruvchi vazifasini bajaradi.

We suced in collekting all the necceccary data.

Biz barcha zarur ma'lumotlarni to'plashga muvaffaq bo'ldik.

Exersise 39 Translate into Uzbek.

1. Тhe рlасе is worth visiting. 2. Watching foot­matches mау bе exciting enough, but of соurse it is more exciting playing football. 3. She stopped соming ­to sее us, and I wondered what had happened to her. 4. Can уоu remember having seen the man bеfore­? 5. She was terrified of having to speak to any­, and even more, of being spoken to. 6. Не was on the point of leaving the club, as the porter stopped him. 7. After being corrected bу the teacher, the stu­dents` рареrs were returned to them. 8. I wondered at mу mother's having allowed the journey. 9. I understan­d perfectly your wishing to start the work at once. 10. Everybody will discuss the event, there is nо preve­nting it. 11. At last he broke the si1ence bу inviting everybody to walk into the dining room. 12. Оn being told the news, she turned раlе.

Exersise 40. Translate into Uzbek.

1. I avoided speaking to them about that matter.2.She burst out crying. 3. Тhеу burst out lаughing. 4.She denied having been at hоmе that evening. 5. Не enjoyed talking оf the pleasures оf traveling.6. Excuse mу leaving уоu at such а moment. 7. Please forgive mу interfering. 8. Не gave uр smoking a few years ago. 9. Тhеу went оn talking. 10. Не keeps isisting оn mу going to the south. 11. Оh, please do stop laughing at him. 12. Do уоu mind mу asking уоu а difficult question? 13. Would уоu mind coming again in а day or two? 14.1 don't mind we wearing this dress. 15. She could not hеlр smi1ing. 16. I can not put off doing this translation. 17. Though David was tired, hе went оn walking in the direction of Dover. 18. Her husband used to smoke,but he stopped smoking two years agо. But it was too late. 19. Have уоu finished washing the dishes yet? 20. Don't be nervous! Stop biting your nai1s! 21.He postponed going to New York as hе fell ill.
UZBEKISTAN

Uzbekistan Republic is one of the four republics of Central Asia. Uzbekistan is situated between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, the greatest Asian rivers. It is the region of flatlands, mountains and deserts. The territory of the republic covers 447,4 thousand square kilometers and is larger than then great Britain or Italy. Uzbekistan borders on Kazakhstan, Kirghisia, Tajikistan and Turkmenia. In the South Uzbekistan borders on Afghanistan. The Republic consists of 12 regions and the Karakalpak republic. There are about 80 towns and 86 settlements of urban type here.

The climate is continental a great number of bright sunny days are good for cotton growing. Uzbekistan is one of the most important producers of cotton and silk. If you look at the map of the republic you will see coal, oil and natural gas resources, deposits of marble, non ferrous and other metals including gold.

According to the last data the population of Uzbekistan is 20 million people. About 120 nations and nationalities live on its territory. Uzbek represent more than 70 % (percent) of the whole population.

Vocabulary:

Great - buyuk; Situated - joylashgan; River - daryo; Mountain - tog'; Border - chegara; Consists - tashkil topgan; Important - muhim; Cotton - pahta; Silk - ipak;

Coal-ko'mir; Oil - neft;

Natural gas - tabiiy gaz; Gold - oltin;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   How many Republics are there in central Asia?
   
2. 
   Where is Uzbekistan Situated?
   
3. 
   What is the territory of the republic?
   
4. 
   Why is the climate of Uzbekistan good for growing cotton?
   
5. 
   What natural resources and deposits are there in Uzbekistan?
   
6. 
   What is the population of the republic?
   

SIFAT (THE ADJECTIVE)

I. Shaxs yoki buyumning belgisini bildirgan so'zlar sifat deyiladi:

A young man = yosh kishi; a young woman= yosh ayol; young peop­le = yosh kishilar.

2. Sifat faqat darajalar bo'yicha o'zgarishi mumkin: long - uzun, lo­nger - uzunroq, longest - eng uzun.

3. Sifatlar oddiy va yasama bo'ladi:

a) Oddiy sifatlar qo'shimcha olmagan sifatlardir: big - katta, short -kalta, black - qora, red - qizil.

b) Yasama sifatlarga old yoki orqa qo'shimchasini yoki har ikkala­sini olgan sifatlar kiradi: natural- tabiiy, incorrect - noto'g'ri, unnatu­ral-notabiiy.

Eng ko'p tarqalgan qo'shimchalar (suffikslar): - ful : useful = foydali, doubtful = shubhali;

- less: helpless = ojiz, useless = befoyda;

- ous : famous = mashhur, dangerous = xavili;

- al : formal = rasmiy, central = markaziy;

- able, -ible: eatable = yeb bo'ladigan, accessible = hammabop, yengil

Eng ko'p tarqalgan old qo'shimchalar :

un- : unhappy = baxtsiz, unequal = teng emas, noteng; in- : incomplete = tugallanmagan, indifferent = farqsiz.

4. Ikkita so'zdan yasalib bitta ma'noni bildiruvchi sifatlar qo'shma sifatlar deyiladi:

dark-blue = to'q ko'k, snow-white = qordek oq.

5. Sifat gapda aniqlovchi va ot-kesimning tarkibida keladi:

The large box is on the table. (aniq- Katta quti stol ustida. lovchi)

The box is large. (ot kesimning Quti - katta. tarkibiy qismi)

Exersise 41. Use the Adjective in the right form.

1. - How do уоu like Smucker's Sweet Orange Marmalade, Mrs.Johnson? - I think it's (delicious). It`s much (delicious) than the marmalade I usuаllу buу. - We agree with уоu, Мгs. Johnson. We think Smucker's Sweet Orange Marmalade is (delicious) marmalade in the world. 2. The rivers in America аге much (big) than those in England. 3. Тhе island of Great Britain is (smal1) than Greenland. 4. What is the nаmе of the (high) mountain in Asia? 5. The English Channel is (wide) than the Straits of Gibral­tar. 6 Russia is а very (large) country. 7. Which is (large): the United States or Canada? 8. What is the nаmе of the (big) port in the United States? 9. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia. 10. The Lon­don underground is the (old) in the world. 11. There is а (great) number of cars and buses in the streets of Moscow than in any other city of Russia. 12. St. Petersburg is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world.

Exersise 42. Translate into Uzbek

1. English is as dif1icult as German. 2. Му com­position is not as long as yours. 3. It isn't as warm today as it was yesterday. 4. The house his aunt lives in is as old as the one his uncle lives in. 5. His apart­ment isn't as elegant as her apartment, but it's much bigger. 6. Johnny isn't as rich as Don but hе is younger and much happier. 7. Му dog isn't as friendly as уоur dog. 8. Уоu сan eat as much as уоu like. 9. А football match isn't аз exciting as а hockey match. 10. Тhе hotel isn't аз cheap as we expected. 11. His songs aren't as popular as the Beatles songs. 12. Her brother is as intelligent as his wife.

THE HISTORY OF SAMARKAND

Central Asia is a land of ancient culture, the centre of earliest civilization.

Archeologists have discovered (topishdi) a settlement of primitive men in Samarkand region. It dates back to over a hundred thousands years. Those first men came to the shores of the Amu Darya and build houses for the groups of one hundred or a hundred and twenty five people. Traces or irrigational canals built at the end of the 2^nd millennium B.C. have remained in this region.

There are many ancient cities which represent the history of Central Asia, such as Samarkand, Khiva, Bukhara. Many tourists come here every year and wonder these pearls of ancient civilization, their monuments of architecture.

Samarkand is one of the most famous cities of central Asia. In the 4^th century B.C. the city was known as Marakand. It was situated on the "silk route" which began in china and went to the Middle East and Europe.

Many monuments have remained in Samarkand up today. The most well-known of them is the Reghistan Square ensemble. It consists of three madrasahs, the oldest of which was built in 1417-1420 and called Ulugbek. In the madrasahs, besides theology, students also studied secular subjects - mathematics and astronomy, in which Ulugbek was well a head his contemporaries.

The Ulugbek observatory built in 1428 is a testimony of great knowledge of its creator. Five centuries later the museum to the great scientist was opened there.

Among the famous monuments there are Bibi-Khanum Mosques, the Shoh-i- Zindah necropolis, Shir-Dor Madrasah etc.

Vocabulary:

B.C. - before Christ - eramizdan oldin;

Culture-san'at;

Discovered - topishdi;

Shore-qirg'oq;

Millennium - ming yillik;

Pearl - durdona, javohir;

Secular - dunyoviy;

Subjects - fanlar;

Creator - yaratuvchi;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What has remained in Samarkand region up today?
   
2. 
   What cities represent the history of central Asia?
   
3. 
   Where did the "silk route" begin?
   
4. 
   What is the most well-known monument of Samarkand?
   
5. 
   When was the museum to the great scientist opened?
   

SIFAT DARAJALARI (DEGREES OF COMPARISON)

1. Sifatning uchta darajasi bor: Oddiy (the Positive Degree), qiyosiy (the Comparative Degree) va orttirma ( the Superlative Degree).

The Mis~isippi is a long river. (long M issisippi uzun daryo.

- oddiy daraja.). Ikkita shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi.

Uch yoki undan ortiq shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi va bittasining darajasi hammasidan ziyoda bo'ladi.

2. Sodda sifatlarning (bir - ikki bo'g·inli sifatlarning) qiyosiy dara­jasi -er qo'shimchasini qo'shish bilan, orttirma darajasi -est qo'shimcha­sini qo'shish bilan yasaladi:

The Missisippi is longer than the Volga. ( longer - qiyosiy daraja) The Missippi is the longest river in the world. (longest - orttirma daraja)

Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja

Missisippi Volgadan uzunroq.

Missisippi dunyodagi eng uzun daryo.

Oddiy daraja	Qiyosiy daraja	Orttirma daraja
sharp - o'tkir	sharper - o'tkirroq	sharpest - eng o'tkir
cold - sovuq	colder - sovuqroq	coldest - eng sovuq
dccp - chuqur	deeper - chuqurroq	deepest - eng chuqur
busy - band	busier - bandroq	busiest - eng band
dirty - itlos	dirtier - itlosroq	dirtiest - eng itlos
clever - aqlli	cleverer -aqlliroq	cleverest - eng aqlli
narrow - tor	narrower -- torroq	narrowest - eng tor
able - layoqatli(qodir)	abler - layoqatlioroq	ablest - eng layoqatli
noble -himmatli	nobler - himmatliroq	noblest - eng himmatli
polite - odobli	politer - odobliroq	politest - eng odobli
severe - shafqatsiz	severer - shafqatsizroq	severest - eng shafqatsiz
sincere - sofdil, samimiy	sincerer - sofdilroq	sincerest - eng sofdil
simple - (oddiy) sodda	simpler - soddaroq	simplest - eng sodda
common - oddiy	commoner - oddiyroq	commonest - eng oddiy

Exersise 43. Translate into Uzbek

1. The new cinema in оur district is much bigger than the old one. 2. Не is one of the most dangerous criminals in the world. 3. Nevsky Prospect is much more beautiful than our street. 4. Our house isn't аз big аз yours. 5. That's the funniest story I've ever heard. 6. Тhе tram system isn't as reliable as it used to be. 7. What is your height? You аге taller than mе. 8. She felt аз strong аз her brother. 9. We start­ed earlier than you. 10. Нe was more careful than I. 11. Тhiз student is the most attentive in our group. 12. I need а warmer coat. 13. Не is as tired аз you. 14. Не wаз one of the mos't experienced workers at the factory. 15. Вetter late than never. 16. She was not sо attractive as her mother. 17. Нiз work is not sо difficult аз mine. 18. Не was the eldest in the family.

19.lt is easier to swim in the sеа than in 'the river.

20.Тhiз is the smallest room in our flat.

Exersise 44. Translate into Uzbek

1. We should eat (healthy) food. 2. Today the streets aren't as (clean) as they used to be. 3. lt's (bad) mistake hе hаs ever made. 4. Тhiз mаn is (tall) than that one. 5. Asia is (large) than Australia. 6. Тhе Volga is (short) than the Mississippi. 7. Which.bui1d­ing is the (high) in Moscow? 8. Магу is а (good) stu­dent than Lucy. 9. Тhе Alps аге (high) than the Urals. 10. Тhiз garden is the (beautiful) in our town. 11. She sреаkз ltalian (good) than English. 12. Is the word "newspaper" (long) than the word "book"? 13. Тhе Thames is (short) than the Volga. 14. The Arctic Ocean is (cold) than the lndian Ocean. 15. Chinese is (difficult) than English. 16. Spanish is (еаsу) than German. 17. She is not sо (busy) as I аm. 18. lt is as (cold) today аs it was yesterday.

THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT

There are four countries in the United Kingdom: England Scotland, Wales and North Ireland. Laws in Great Britain are made by parliament. It consists of two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The house of commons is more important as it commons are elected by secret ballot. They belong to different political parties. The main parties are the conservative party and labor party. The Chief executive is the prime minister. He heads the government but is not the head of state.

Great Britain is a monarchy and the head of state is a monarch, whose power is limited by parliament. The primer minister is usually leader of the party. That has a majority in the House of Commons. Each now prime minister can make changes in the size of his cabinet, appoint new ministers and make other changes.

Vocabulary:

Country - mamlakat;

Law - qonun;

Parties - partiyalar;

Monarchy - monarxiya;

Parliament - parlament;

Prime minister - premier minister;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   How many countries in the United Kingdom?
   
2. 
   What countries are situated in the United Kingdom?
   
3. 
   How many parties are in the United Kingdom?
   
4. 
   What main parties are in the UK?
   
5. 
   Who is usually the leader of the party?
   

Grammar

Must - to have

to be to

MUST modal feli ish harakatni amalga oshirishi shartligi, zarurligi, kelishilganligini ifodalydi.

She must learn new words. Must she learn new words She must not learn new words

To have to - to be to - to be obliged to - MUST modal fe'lining ekvivalentidir.

MUST modal fe'lining ekvivalentlari hamma zamonlarda ishlatiladi.

You must stay at home. You have to stay at home. You had to stay at home. You will have to stay at home.

Eslatma: to have to iborasi ishlatilgan gaplarning so'roq va bo'lishsiz shakllari to do yordamchi fe'li orqali yasaladi.

Do you know to stay at home everyday? You don't have to stay at home everyday

SPORTS HELP PEOPLE

Everybody knows much enough about physical training and sports. They are part of our everyday life.

Sports help people to keep in good health. Many children are interested in sport. They take part in sports activities; they go to a sport school. From time to time competitions are held in sports and games and we often hear about new champions.

We know that during such competitions they find out those who can produce the best result. And the main thing is to help young people to be healthy and strong. All people can go in for sports, but not all of them can become champions. A sportsman must train for very much time and know many things about his kind of sport.

At the same time it must be said that physical training and sports are very useful. If someone asks each one of you to name your favorite sport or game, there will be many different answers. They will be athletics, tennis, hockey, football, swimming, basketball, and so on.

Suppose you are asked if you prefer to play team games or individual games. Again the answers will be different. Team sports are more interesting because they need quick thinking, character and self- control.

Always remember that you are playing for the school, not yourself, with a team, not only you. Now tell the class what sports you go in for, what games you like to play.

Vocabulary:

Health - sog'lik; Interesting - qiziqarli; Competition - musobaqa; Favourite - sevimli;

Result - natija;

Train - trenirovka;

Game - o'yin;

Prefer - tanlash;

Individual games - yakka o'yinlar;

Think-o'ylash;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   Why are sports good?
   
2. 
   What sports do you like?
   
3. 
   What sports facilities are there in your town?
   
4. 
   What sports do you want to learn?
   

Grammar

Can - to be able to

Can modal fe'li biror narsa qobiliyatni ifodalaydi va o'zbek tiliga qila olmoq, bajara olmoq deb tarjima qilinadi.

We can translate this text ourselves. Can you translate this text yourselves? We can not translate this text ourselves.

To be able to - can modal fe'lining ekvivalentidir. U hamma zamonlarda ishlatiladi.

I can do it today.

I am able to do it today.

I was able to do it yesterday.

I shall be to do it tomorrow.
THE GREAT SILK ROAD

The Great Silk Road comprised thousands of caravan trails and paths crossing the enormous Asian continent. These routes passed through central Asia and Asia Minor to the eastern Mediterranean ports and further on to the west. There was a great demand for silk in Europe and at that time it was worth its weight in gold. One of the most difficult and, poorly studied sections of the Great Silk Road ran through the territory of what today are the sovereign central Asian republics. It was a time of rapid development of cities, the arts and autistics schools, the time caravan-serais. Missionaries and pilgrims followed caravans their religion, their customs, rites, and their culture. This vacillated lively exchange of material and cultural values.

Many foreign tourist companies display great interest in ancient cultural centers located along the great Silk Road.

The republics culture fund has drawn up along-term program the great Silk Road which is aimed at re-creating the cultural and historical heritage resulting from centuries - old contacts along the road and in regions adjoining it. This year, the academies of sciences of the Uzbek, Kirghiz, Kazakh, and Turkmen republics will undertake a joint expedition along the major routes of the Great Silk Road.

UNESCO has also set up an international program for the comprehensive study of the Great Silk Road. It has been endorsed by Greece, Egypt, Indonesia, Italy Mongolia, Oman, Portugal, Sri-Lanka and others. Along the entire route of ancient caravan trails on the territory of our country it is planned to build tourist centres within in the frame work of a single system of international tourist contacts. These will be ethnic settlements reconstructing the everyday life and spirit of past centuries, veritable museums in the open.

The tourist routes will pass through Ashkhabad (formerly Nissa), the capital of the ancient Parthia, Mari (ancient Merv), Chardjou (ancient Amul), Bukhara, Samarkand, Pyandjikent (Zarafshan valley), Ura-tyube (ancient Ustrushanna). The route then splits into two branches. One goes through Ferghana valley, the city of Osh and further to Kashgar (in China). The other runs from Samarkand to Tashkent (ancient Shash), then through Djambul (ancient Taraz), the Churiver valley, Frunze, Issikkul (ancient Barekhan), Przhevalsk to Kashgar.

Vocabulary:

Tourist - turist;

Central Asia - Markaziy Osiyo; Museums - muzeylar; Ancient - qadimiy; Intenational - xalqao; Branche - soha;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What does the great Silk Road Comprise?
   
2. 
   Who followed caravans from east to west and from west to east?
   
3. 
   What do many tourist companies display?
   
4. 
   What program has UNESCO set up?
   
5. 
   Where is it planned to build tourist centers?
   
6. 
   What regions and cities will the tourist routes pass through?
   

Grammar

Many, much, a few, few

Noaniq olmoshlardan many (a) few donalab sanaladigan predmetlar bilan, much, (a) little donalab sanalmaydigan predmetlar bilan ishlatiladi, masalan:

How many Necha Many-ko'p. I have many

books.
How many Necha Few-kam. I have few

books.
How much Qancha Much-ko'p. there is much

ink in the ink-pot

How much Qancha Little-kam. There is little

ink in the ink-pot.

How many Necha A few-bir necha. I have a

few books.

How much Qancha A little-bir oz. there is a
little ink in the ink-pot
LEARNING STYLES

Each of us has a different personality. Our personality affects the way we act, the way we talk, and even the way we dress. It also lanterns from a large vegetable called a pumpkin. First, they take out the middle of the pumpkin. Then they cut holes for the eyes, nose and mouth. After that, they put a candle inside the pumpkin. Finally, they light the candle. In a dark room the lantern looks like the face of a ghost. Since the 1980 an American Halloween tradition called 'Trick or Treat' has become popular with British children, though not with most adults. Children dress up in Halloween costumes and knock on people's doors calling "trick or treat!" If you do not give them a small treat such as money or sweets they play a trick on you. This new Halloween custom is particularly unwelcome because the tricks the children play are frequently dangerous or destructive.

Vocabulary:

Celebrate - nishonlash; Believe - ishonmoq; Ghosts - arvohlar; Afraid -qo'rqish; Drees up - kiyinish; Masks - maska; Middle - o'rta; Pumpkin - qovog'; Vegetable - sabzavot; Eyes-ko'zlar; Sweets - shirinliklar; Money - pul; Nose - burun; Dangerous - havfli;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   How do people celebrate Halloween?
   
2. 
   When do we celebrate Halloween?
   
3. 
   Which festivals are often celebrated with parties?
   
4. 
   What do you know about the tradition called "Trick or Treat"?
   
5. 
   In what countries do people celebrate Halloween?
   

Grammar

Indefinite Pronouns

Aniqsizlik ma'nosini bildirgan olmoshlar gumon olmoshi deyiladi. Ingliz tilida olmoshlarning bu turi juda ko'p bo'lib ular har xil ma'no va sintaksistik funkstiyalarga egadir.

Eng ko'p ishlatiladigan gumon olmoshlari quyidagilar:

Some Bir qancha, bir oz, ancha, ba'zi

Any Biror, birorta, qandaydir biror, har bir, har qanday

Something Nimadir, allanima, nimadir bir narsa

Somebody Kimdir, allakim

Someone Kimdir, allakim

Anything Nimadir, allanarsa

Anybody Kimdir, birov

Anyone Kimdir, birov

Either Har qaysi, har bir

Each Har bir, har qaysi

Every Har bir

Everything Har narsa

Everybody Har kim, hamma

Everyone Har kim, hamma

Other Boshqa, o'zga
Another Boshqa, boshqacha, yana bir
NAVRUZ

March 21 is the holiday of Navruz. In cities, towns and villages people of Uzbekistan celebrate Navruz, the eastern New Year, which is a holiday that celebrates the awakening of nature, and promotes friendship, fraternity and cultural and historical traditions.

March 21 is the spring equinox, meaning that day is equal to night everywhere on the planet. Our ancestors considered this day the beginning of the astronomical year. Uzbek scientists and poets of the past wrote that Navruz was celebrated long, long ago. During the Arab invasion of Central Asia, Navruz was prohibited, but after the downfall of the Arab Khalifate in the 9th and 10th centuries it was revived again.

Young and old prepare for Navruz in a flurry of spring cleaning, washing, scrubbing, painting and decorating of homes. A week before the holiday many people of Uzbekistan take part in a republic-wide khashar (voluntary, unpaid work performed collectively). In honor of the holiday, new gardens are planted and machinery for cultivation is prepared for field work. A lot of money is donated to the Navruz fund.

Navruz is also a holiday of mercy and absolution. On this day people forgive one another their old offences and visit lonely and disabled, people trying to do whatever they can for those who need their care.

Families with many children and pensioners receive gifts and allowances. Navruz is also a holiday of youth, beauty and. creativity. The streets, squares and parks of the towns and cities are beautifully decorated and full of music, songs and laughter. Dozens of professional ensembles demonstrate their skills.

Women cook a wide variety of delicious foods such as palov, shashlik, naryn, khasyp and manty. The choice of cakes, sweetmeats, jam and fruit is unbelievable. But the king of all these holiday dishes is sumalak, a high-calorie stew of germinated wheat, the making of which is a compulsory element in the Navruz festival. Usually the women of the neighborhood take part in the cooking. Only the best of cooks are entrusted with the important task of making sumalak.

Jokes, songs and fun accompany the process of cooking. Sumalak is boiled for more than 24 hours in big cauldrons, the bottoms of which are covered with washed river stones and nuts. According to custom, those who get a stone when the dish is served in plates or cups will be fortunate in the coming year and their dreams will come true.

While the women are cooking sumalak, the men of the neighbourhood are often cooking halim, another traditional dish. It is made by boiling milk, veal, sheep, wheat and flour in a cauldron. It is also boiled for 24 hours. When it's hot, it is very tasty.

Vocabulary:

Town - shaxar; Village - qishloq; Milk - sut; Sheep - qo'y; Traditional - an'ana; Scientists - olimlar; Delicious - delikates; Celebrate - nishonlash; Decorate - yasatish; Jokes - askiya; Song - ashula; Food - ovqat;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What is Navruz?
   
2. 
   How do people celebrate Navruz?
   
3. 
   When was Navruz celebrating prohibited?
   
4. 
   What foods are associated with Navruz?
   
5. 
   How does your family prepare for Navruz? What are your family's traditions?
   
6. 
   Do you like sumalak?
   

Grammar:

On, at, of prepositions

(Davomi)

On predlogi ko'pincha ustida va - ga, - da, qo'shimchalar yordamida tarjima qilinadi va biror narsa ustida ekanligini ko'rsatadi.

The lamp is on the table. London is on the thames. Put the book on the table.

At predlogi qayerda, qayerga savoliga javob beradigan otlar oldidan ishlatiladi, predmetni biror narsaning yonida, ichida va - ga, - da qo'shimchalari bilan beriladi. At predlogi in predlogiga qaraganda kengroq joyni tasvirlaydi.

They are at school. Ann is at the table They look at the map.

Of predlogi biror narsani kimgadir, nimagadir tegishli ekanligini bildiradi, o'zbek tilida qaratqich kelishigida beriladi.

The centre of the town This side of the river.

APRIL FOOLS DAY

The origin of this tradition is not certain, but it probably dates back to the Roman festival of Saturnalia. Today, April 1st is a day when people play tricks on their friends and try to make fools of them. It is very popular with students, who love to make fun of their teachers! But teachers sometimes trick their students too by sending them to other classrooms to collect mythical objects like straight hooks. There is one important rule on April Fools Day: we never play tricks after midday or the joker becomes the fool! In recent years, newspapers have added to the fun and enjoyment on April 1st by trying to fool their readers. They usually print one story which is completely false. Millions of people believe the story until they look at the date on the newspaper and realise that they have been fooled!

Vocabulary:

Trick - ayorlik; Fool - xazil; Popular - mashxur; Teacher - o'qituvchi; Rule - qoida; Important - muhim; Tradition - an'ana;
Answer the questions:

1. 
   When do we celebrate April fools day?
   
2. 
   What kind of holiday is the April fools day?
   
3. 
   What do you know about the history of this holiday?
   
4. 
   What can you say about important rule on April fools day?
   

THE CITIES OF GREAT BRITAIN

London is the capital of England and of the UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is one of the largest cities in the world. It is an industrial and cultural centre, and the most important in the British Isles.

Birmingham is the second largest city in Great Britain. When William Shakespeare was a live, Birmingham was just a little village.

Now it is a centre of the iron and many other industries. Birmingham's factories produce many cars, buses, trolley-buses, trams and other machines. They also produce medical instruments. They territory round Birmingham is known as the Black Country. There are many factories, plants and mines there and there are very few trees.

Edinburgh the capital of Scotland. It is the oldest and largest city in the north. Edinburgh is a large industrial centre. It has electrical, electronics, chemical and other important enterprises.

Glasgow and Liverpool are big seaports. They are very important shipbuilding centers. They have enterprises of almost all industries.

Manchester and Leeds - are the centers of the British textile industry. Sheffield is a centre of the steel and machine building industries.

Cardiff is the capital of Wales. It is the main seaport in Wales. Cardiff is important for its steel works.

Cambridge and Oxford are famous university cities. The first college in Cambridge was found in 1284 and now there are more than 20 colleges there. Cambridge also produces different products of light industry. Oxford is one of the main producers of motor cars in the British Isles.

Bristol is an important port. It is also famous for its electronics, electricity and aircraft industry.

Southampton is the largest passenger port in England. Ships go there from almost every part of the world. They bring sounds of visitors from many countries.

Vocabulary:

Cultural - madaniy;

Industrial - sanoat;

Seaport - dengiz porti;

Factory - zavod, fabrika;

Textile industry - tekstil sanoati;

Steel - temir;

Producers - ishlab chiqaruvchi;

Famous - mashhur; Ship - kema; Different - turli xil; Bring - olib kelish; Country - mamlakat; Motor car - mashina;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What cities do you know?
   
2. 
   What universities do you know in England?
   
3. 
   What is the capital of Scotland?
   
4. 
   When was the first college in Cambridge found?
   

NATURAL DISASTERS

It is easy to guess what nature will do. Every year natural disasters, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, droughts, avalanches and volcanic eruptions cause death and destruction all over the world. Natural catastrophes now kill a million people each decade and cause millions of dollars of damage. Although scientists try to forecast them and to warn people.

Earthquakes are very difficult to accurately. On January 17^th 1995, Japan had its 13^th major earthquakes in 60 years. The tremor, which measured 7.2 on the Richer Scale, devastated the city of Kobe. It killed 5466 people and injured 36820. Over 10000 homes were destroyed and thousands of other buildings were ruined. Even the seismologists were surprised. They had been watching Tokyo and other cities but not Kobe. The Tashkent earthquakes of April 26^th 1966 were also unexpected. Although the people of the city had often felt slight tremors, this one was much more powerful. It killed eight people, injured thousands and wrecked the centre of the city.

It was happen on Martinique, in 1902. A volcano called Mount Pelee started to rumble. The noise frightened the people and they began to leave the city. The governor told solders to stop people leaving. He said that the volcano was "no danger to Saint Pierre". Then, at 7.49 am on May 8^th, the volcano exploded and hot gas and rock hurtled down the mountain at a speed of 33 meters per second. Only two of the town's 28000 inhabitants survived. That's why perhaps the governor of Montserrat, in the summer of 1995, when gas and fire were coming from a large volcano near the capital remembered this situation and ordered the evacuation of the island's capital. Hurricanes are also extremely unpredictable. On October 6^tn 1987 a powerful wind hit southern England. The storm killed 18 people and caused £100 million of damage.

It destroyed hundreds of thousands of trees, blew off roofs, smashed windows and cut off the electricity supply to many areas of the country.

Vocabulary:

Disaster - tabiiy ofat; predict - oldindan bilmoq;

Catastrophe - halokat; unpredictable - oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan;

earthquake - zilzila; erupt - otilib chiqmoq;tremor - titrash;

eruption - otilib chiqish; destroy - buzmoq; flood - suv toshqini; wreck - halokatga uchrash; drought - qurg'oqchilik; injured - yarador; Hurricane - dovul; unexpected - kutilmagan; avalanche - qor ko'chishi; expect - kutmoq; Survive - tirik qolmoq;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What disaster was happened on January 17^th 1995, in Japan?
   
2. 
   When were the great earthquake destructions in Uzbekistan?
   
3. 
   Why did the governor of Montserrat ordered the evacuation of the capital?
   
4. 
   Who and what was the cause of the destructions in 1902, Saint Pierre?
   
5. 
   What do you think which disaster is more dangerous?
   

PRESERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT

The 20th century is the centuries of great achievements in ail fields of life. But present there are many tasks that must be solved. One of them is protection of environment, serious scientific problem. Many countries all over the world face this problem.

The Uzbek Republic is rich in various natural resources but they are not always used in proper way. We must protect our nature from destruction. That is why we must struggle against pollution of our rivers, lakes and seas. We must preserve our forests and our rare animals. Being a developed industrial state, Uzbekistan has a lot of plants and factories in various cities. Their production is very important but their smoke is not useful for the health of the people, for the clearness of the air. Now the question is put forward to build industrial enterprises outside cities, in their suburbs. It will help to preserve the air of the cities clean and fresh.

The protection of environment is an international problem, too. The scientists and the people all over the world must preserve the fauna and flora of the earth for the future generations. One of the most important aspects of this problem is a protection of space. Outer space is apart of our nature, in it people can study different phenomena о order to solve various practical tasks. But at the present time the military technology spreads warfare to the oceans and atmosphere and stands at the threshold of outer space. The space may become a field of "star wars". That is why all the people of the world must struggle for demilitarization of space. We must preserve space and our Earth for the future generations. We must remember that the power of man to conquer nature is unlimited indeed. We must preserve our environment because it's the nature that provides man with everything he needs for his existence.

Vocabulary:

Achievements - yutuq; Environment - tevarak atrof; Natural resources - tabiiy resurslar; Plant - fabrika;

Factory - zavod; Space - fazo; Power-kuch; Field - may don; Lake-ko'l; Sea - dengiz; River - daryo;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What kind of problem must be solved now?
   
2. 
   What must we preserve for the future generations?
   
3. 
   What can you say about protection of space?
   
4. 
   All the people of the world must struggle for demilitarization of space,
   

mustn't they?

LONDON

London is situated about 40 miles (64 km) from the mouth of the river Thames. It is divided by the river into two unequal parts. Most of the important buildings stand on the north bank.

London is the heart of Britain. It is not only Britain's capital; it is the country's largest city, the most important seaport and the financial and business centre. London is also Britain's cultural centre, the place with the most theatres, cinemas, concert halls and museums. In addition, it is the country's TV production centre. The oldest part of London is the City. It is about one square mile in area, but it includes the Bank of England and the headquarters of many of the wealthiest companies and corporations in the world. The City is the financial and business centre of the Commonwealth. The Square Mile is another name for the City of London. It lies within the old Roman walls. Here you can find the sites of ancient Roman battles and medieval fires. The centre of the city is a crossroads, a meeting of seven streets, where the Bank of England, the Royal Exchange and the Mansion House (an official residence of the Lord Mayor) stand.

Now about half a million people work in the City during the day. At night it is almost deserted. Not many people live in the Square Mile nowadays. Among the sights of the City is the British Museum, the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, the Central Criminal Court and St. Paul's Cathedral, the bells of which ring at 9 a.m. to mark the beginning of the new working day.

The rest of London is traditionally divided into the West End (to the west of the City) and the East End (to the east of the City). The West End is famous for shopping and entertainment. It includes theatres, cinemas, museums, pubs, galleries and famous London parks, where people can forget that they are in a city at all. The best known and largest park is Hyde Park. It is visited by thousands of Londoners every day. In all London parks you may walk on the grass and lie down to rest on it if the weather permits. An interesting place in Hyde Park is Speakers' Corner, situated on the edge of Hyde Park. There, one can listen to different speakers talk about all kinds of ideas. Together with Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square in front of the Houses of Parliament, Hyde Park is sometimes the scene of political demonstrations and marches.

The East End is the working-class area with docks, industrial plants and factories. London plays a very important role in the industry of Great Britain. It is the country's main centre for printing, clothing manufacture and food processing. Factories are scattered through old city districts, where they are often surrounded by streets of small houses. Nowadays there is a tendency to move the factories out of London to enforce smokeless zones.

Vocabulary:

Situated - joylashgan; Printing - chop etish; Factory - zavod; Seaport - dengiz porti; Heart - yurak; Idea - fikr; Street-ко'cha; Grass - chim; Walk - say qilmoq;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   Why is London important to Great Britain?
   
2. 
   What do most people do in the City of London?
   
3. 
   What might one do in the West End of London?
   
4. 
   For what is the East End a centre?
   
5. 
   What can you say about the geographical position of London?
   
6. 
   Are there any beautiful parks in London?
   

ABDULLA KAHHAR

Abdulla kahhar contributed much to Uzbek literature. He was born on the 17^th of September 1907. In the family of railway man in Kokand. A future writer got primary education in an old school in bovid. Later he continued studying at a boarding school in Akkurgan. In 1922 - 1924 he studied at a technical school training teachers.

In 1925 Abdulla Kahhar came in Tashkent. In the afternoon hЂ worked for "Kizil Uzbekistan» newspaper, and in the evening he studied. In 1926 he finished preparatory faculty and in 1930 he graduated from pedagogical faculty at central Asia state university.

His creative works started in 1924. His first stories anc newspapers satire were published in "Mushtum" magazine, "Yangi Fargona" and "Kizil Uzbekistan" newspapers. In 1932 he wrote an essay "Kishlok hukum ostida". In 1935, 1938-1939 Abdulla Kahhai published his "Collected Stories" and in 1934 his novel "Sarob' which made him a famous writer.

During the 2^nd world war several stories and newspapers satires were published. In his stories and novels he wrote about brevity, patience and hard work of our soldiers. After the war some works were written by him. Such works as "Sinchalak"(1958), "Muhabbat" (1968) made him a great and famous writer Abdulla Kahhar did nol only write but also translated the works of such famous writers as M.Gorkiy, I.N. Tolstoy.

For his great contribution in Uzbek literature he became an honored writer of Uzbekistan. He died on the 25^th of May, 1968.

Vocabulary:

Contribute - hissa qo'shish;

Primary education - boshlang'ich ta'lim;

Published - nashrdan chiqqan;

Famous - mashxur;

Newspaper - gazeta;

Work - ishlamoq;

Story - hikoya;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What is Abdulla Kahhar?
   
2. 
   When and where was he born?
   
3. 
   When did he begin to write his works?
   
4. 
   What education did Abdula Kahhar get?
   
5. 
   When his creative work was started?
   

ENGLISH MEALS

There are four meals a day in an English home: breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner. Breakfast is the first meal of the day. It is at about 8 o'clock in the morning, and consists of porridge with milk and salt or sugar, boiled or fried eggs, and bread and butter with marmalade or jam. Some people like to drink tea, but others prefer coffee. Instead of porridge they may have fruit juice, or they may

prefer biscuits.

The usual time for lunch is 1 o'clock. This meal starts with soup or fruit juice. This is followed by some meat or poultry with boiled or fried potatoes, carrots and beans. Pudding is often next. Instead of the pudding some people prefer cheese and biscuits. Last of all comes coffee, black or with milk. English people often drink something with lunch. Water is usually on the table. Some people prefer juice or lemonade.

Tea is the third meal of the day. It is between 4 and 5 o'clock, the so-called 5 o'clock tea. On the table there is tea, milk or cream, sugar, bread and butter, cakes and jam. Friends and visitors are often present at tea.

Dinner is the fourth meal of the day. The usual time for dinner is about 7 o'clock, and all the members of the family sit down together. Dinner usually consists of soup, fish or meat with vegetables (potatoes, green beans, carrots or cabbage), sweet pudding, fruit salad, and ice-cream or cheese and biscuits. Then, after a talk, they have coffee.

This is the order of meals among many English families, but most people in towns, and nearly all country people, have dinner in the middle of the day instead of lunch. They have tea a little later, between 5 and 6 o'clock. Then in the evening, before going to bed, they have supper. So the four meals of the day are breakfast, dinner, tea and supper; or breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner.

Vocabulary:

Meal - ovqat; Breakfast - nonushta; Dinner - tushlik; Lunch - lanch; Tea - choy; Salt - tuz; Sugar - shakar; Egg - tuhum; Bread - non; Marmalade - marmelad; Jam - murabbo; Porridge - bo'tqa; Between - o'rta; Cheese - pishloq; Soup - sho'rva; Bean - nohot; Carrot - sabzi; Supper - tushlik;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   How many meals are traditionally eaten in England?
   
2. 
   What drinks usually accompany each meal?
   
3. 
   What do the English usually eat at each meal?
   
4. 
   Some people eat their meals at different times. Why?
   
5. 
   When do you eat your meals and with whom?
   
6. 
   Compare what you eat for breakfast and what an English family eats for breakfast.
   
7. 
   What role do different drinks play in meals in your home? Is this similar to in England?
   

NATIONAL UZBEK DISHES. RECIPE.

The Uzbek cuisine has a great variety of dishes. Among them there are soups with meat broth a base. To cook soups one needs meat (mutton, beef or chicken), vegetables (turnip, potatoes, sweet pepper, etc.) peas and various greens-dill, parsley, kindza, the green of garlic and leaves of raikhan. The most popular soups among Uzbeks are mastava (rice soup with a lot of chopped onion, carrots and tomatoes) and shurpa.

Among starchy foods the most favourite are lagman, naryn, samsa, manti, chuchvara and etc.

Shashlik and pilav are the most popular meat and fat Uzbek national dishes.

To cook pilav, there are thirty ways of preparing it; every locality has its own variety of the dish-pilav from Samarkand, Bukhara, Fergana, Khorczm.

Pilav is prepared in the names of all people whatever their nationality living in Uzbekistan and is always served at weddings, birthdays and other festive occasions.

There are more than 100 types of national sweet meats made & fruits, sugar, almonds and other ingredients, the favorite leverage is black or green tea. Green tea is usually served without sweet meats.

Each Uzbek home has a large assortment of crockery china tea services, samovar trays, soup-bowls, huge shallow dishes (lyagans), special stewing pans (kaskan). Cauldrons (kazans) for serving and cooking national - dishes.

Vocabulary:

Cuisine - oshxona; Meat-go'sht; Favorite - sevimli; Dish - idish; National - milliy; Prepare - tayorlash; Soup - sho'rva;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What are your favourite national dishes?
   
2. 
   Name the most popular Uzbek dishes,
   
3. 
   Can you cook pilav?
   
4. 
   Tell about it's recipe.
   

NEWSPAPERS

The newspapers of Great Britain usually divided into 2 types: 1. Quality; 2. Tabloid;

But the kinds are different. As usually newspapers are the source of news entertaining and giving information. In quality newspapers the articles which written in official language and the sentences is complex. The news about economy, politics and state. It main contain international, national and state orders and laws. The quality papers of Great Britain are The Times, The Observer, and Guardian.

In tabloid papers the articles is written very simple. It may contain entertaining gossips about famous stars and statesman, true life, mythical and fantastic stories, puzzles and interesting information, home garden, tourism, horoscopes, congratulations and TV programs. The tabloid papers of Great Britain are the Daily Minor, the Sun, and the news of the world.

In Uzbekistan there are a lot of kinds of newspapers too. The quantity of tabloid papers in Uzbekistan is more than quality papers. There are a lot of tabloid papers are publishing such as Darakchi, Sogdiana, Hordiq, Tasvir, Kayfiyat and etc. But the circulation of this newspapers higher than our quality papers. But in Britain the circulation of quantity papers is higher than tabloid. In Britain the newspapers are published daily or weekly. But in Uzbekistan we don't have any daily and Sunday papers. We have only weekly newspapers.

Vocabulary:

Articles - maqola; Complex - qiyin; Simply - oddiy; Gossips - mish-mish; Puzzles - topishmoq;

Circulation - aylanish; Quality - siyosiy; Tabloid - ommaviy; Laws - qonun;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What kind of newspapers are published in Uzbekistan?
   
2. 
   What are the tabloid newspapers?
   
3. 
   What kind of newspapers are published in Great Britain?
   
4. 
   What are quality newspapers?
   
5. 
   What kind of information has newspapers?
   
6. 
   What are the famous newspapers in Great Britain?
   
7. 
   What are the famous newspapers in Uzbekistan?
   

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The USA is one of the largest countries in the world. It is situated in the central part of the North American continent. The area of the USA is over nine million square kilometers. It is washed by the Pacific Ocean and by the Atlantic Ocean.

The-population of the United States is nearly 250 million people; most of the people live in towns.

People of different nationalities live in the USA. There are a lot of rich people in the USA. But the life of most colored people is very difficult. Some Americans live in poverty, many people can't get work.

The official language of the country is English. The capital of the country is. Washington. It was named in honour of the first President, George Washington. -As the USA is a large country, the climate is different in different regions of the ' country. For example, the Pacific coast is a region of mild winters and warm, dry summers, but the eastern continental region is watered with rainfall. The region around the Great Lakes has changeable weather.

There are many mountains in the USA. For example, the highest peak of the Cordeliers in the USA is 4,418 meters.

The main river of the country is the Mississippi. But there are many other great rivers in the USA: the Colorado in the south and the Columbia in the northwest. There are five Great Lakes between the USA and Canada.

The USA produces more than 52 percent of the world's corn wear, cotton, tobacco.

There are many big cities in the country. They are Washington (the capital of the country), New York (the city of contrasts, financial and business center of the USA), Boston (there are three universities in it), Chicago one of the biggest industrial cities in the USA), San Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit (one of the biggest centers of the automobile industry), Hollywood (the center of the US film business).

The USA has an Academy of Sciences. There are many scientific institutions, museums, libraries, theatres and ether interesting places in the country.

The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The USA is rich in mineral resources, such as aluminium, salt, zinc, coppers, and other. The country is rich in coal, natural gas, gold and silver, too. It holds one of the first places in the world for the production of coal, iron, oil, natural gas.

Such industries as machine-building, ship-building are highly developed in the country.

American agriculture produces a lot of food products: grain, fruit and vegetables.

The USA is a federal republic, consisting of fifty states. Each of these states has its own government. Congress in the American parliament which consists of two Chambers.

The president is the head of the state and government. He is elected for four years. There are two main political parties in the USA. They are the Democratic Party (was organized in the 1820) and the Republican Party (was organized in the 1850) the communist party of the USA was founded in the Chicago in 1919.

Vocabulary:

State - davlat; Government - hukumat; Elect - tanlash;

Iron - temir; Corn- bug' doy;

Coal-ko'mir; Peak-cho'qqi;

Resources - resurslar; Copper - mis;

Coast - sohil; Chamber - parlament palatasi;
Answer the questions:

1. 
   Is the USA one of the largest countries in the world?
   
2. 
   What kind of area has the USA?
   
3. 
   What do you know about the population of the USA?
   
4. 
   What rivers do you know in the USA?
   
5. 
   What big cities do you know in the USA?
   
6. 
   What does American agriculture produce?
   
7. 
   How many states are there in the USA?
   
8. 
   How many state parties are there in the USA and what are they?
   

THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF THE USA

In the United States of America each state has its own educational system. There are the following types of school in the USA:

1. Elementary schools, public and private- 6 years.

П. Secondary schools, public and private-6 years 1 Junior High School - 3 years.

2. Senior High School - 3 years
III. Separate professional colleges.

1. 
   Teacher's Colleges.
   
2. 
   Higher Technical Institutes 3.Theological Schools, etc.
   

Universities. A school system in the USA may be organized according to a 6-3-3 pattern that is a six year elementary school program, a three-year junior program and a three-year high school program. Some other variations may be 4-4-4 or 5-3-4. In many states children go to school at the age of 6-8 and continue it to the age of "14-18. At the present time more than two million Americans between the ages of 7 and 17 are out of school.

The elementary school of America is the common school and is attended by all groups of the population. In the Southern States the public elementary school for white and Negroes are separated. The system of secondary school education in the USA includes different kinds of school - private and public, large and small, urban and rural, traditional and experimental. In the junior school English, mathematics and history are studied by all the pupils. The other subjects are selective. The Senior high school has different curriculum: Cultural, Technical,' Agricultural*, Commercial, Home Aits and Vocational.

Higher educational in the USA is organized differently from that Europe. There are public and private Universities and colleges in the USA. The largest and the best of them are private institutions of higher learning. Their students must pay high fees for studies. Religion plays an important part in teaching in American students. The modem educational system of the USA has bourgeois character and many progressive people of America struggle for the truly democratic system of education in their country.

Vocabulary:

Elementary - boshlang'ich; Different - turli hil; Separate - saralangan; Secondary - umumiy o'rta ta'lim; Subject-fan; Important - muhim; Modern - zamonaviy; Struggle - kurash;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What types of schools are there in the USA?
   
2. 
   What can you say about the elementary school in the US?
   
3. 
   What character has the modern educational system of the US?
   
4. 
   What kinds of subjects are selective?
   
5. 
   What is the difference between the higher education of the USA and Europe?
   
6. 
   In which parts of the US white and Negroes are separated?
   

TEXTILES FIBERS

The most used textile fibers in the textile industry of Uzbekistan are cotton, silk, and wool. Usually textile fibers are divided into two groups. They are natural and chemical.

Natural fibers are divided into two groups. They are vegetable and animal origin. Vegetable fibers are cotton and linen. Cotton fibers source is cotton plant and the plants of linen. Animal fibers are wool and silk. The source of wool is goat's hair. The source of silk is

silk worm.

Chemical fibers are of great industrial importance. Chemical fiber may be subdivided into rayons and synthetic fibers. The manufacture of rayons depends on such raw materials as cellulose and proteins. The most popular rayon fiber is viscose. Synthetic fibers may be built up entirely by chemical methods. They may be synthesized from coal, water and air. The made fibers are resistant to atmospheric influence. They absorb little moisture and aren't proof

against heat.

The main textile fibers in the textile industry of Uzbekistan are

cotton, silk and wool.

Vocabulary:

Silk - ipak; Wool - yung; Fiber - tola; Cotton - paxta;

Divided - bo'linish;coal - ko'mir;

Air-havo;

Against - qarshi;

Synthetic - sintetik;

Natural - tabiiy;

Chemical - kimyoviy;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What is the fiber?
   
2. 
   What are the main textile fibers?
   
3. 
   What is linen?
   
4. 
   What is wool?
   
5. 
   What parts is wool divided into?
   
6. 
   What is silk?
   
7. 
   What does flax chiefly consist of?
   

UZBEKISTAN IS A LAND OF COTTON

Uzbekistan is a land of cotton and cotton plant branches are depicted on its coat of arms. Cotton growing is the foundation of the republic's economy. Uzbekistan has the best conditions for cultivating this crop. Uzbekistan is the main cotton centre of the Central Asia. At the same time the republic is a large industrial region of the Central Asia.

Cotton serves as the raw material for thousands of varieties of fabric, cotton wool, knitted goods, yarn and artificial silk. It is used to make paper, collodion, celluloid, pyroxylin, artificial leather, alcohol, fiber, photographic and cinematographic films and many

other things.

The scientific aspect of cotton growing is subject to continuous supervision and research. There are all conditions for improving cotton types. From time to time new types of cotton are discovered, for example, Tashkent 1, 2, 3 sorts are the best of all.

Cotton of Uzbekistan this is our pride, our wealth, our glory,

our love.

Vocabulary:

Cotton - paxta; Branche - soha; Growing - o'sayotgan; Fiber - tola; Paper -qog'oz; Wool - yung; Silk - shoyi; Land - yer;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What is the scientific aspect of cotton growing?
   
2. 
   What is the role of cotton for Uzbekistan?
   
3. 
   Where do we use cotton?
   
4. 
   What can you say about the condition of cultivating cotton?
   

WATER IS LIFE

There are two main water sources in Uzbekistan: the Amy Darya and Syr Darya rivers which flow through several republics and pumping stations have been built on the rivers and thousands of kilometers of canals have crossed the desert. At present some 100,000 of the land are irrigated.

The Syr Darya rises in Kyrghizistan (the Naryn river flows across Uzbekistan, Tajikistan then back through Uzbekistan into Kazakhstan).

The Amu Darya is the largest river in the Central Asia. It rises high in the Tadjik mountains and flows across the Kara-Kum canal, made it possible to cultivate there more than half a million hectares of cotton. Amu Darya waters will also help to irrigate and reclaim Uzbekistan's Karshi steppe which spreads over a million hectares.

Life-giving water was always revered in the sun-scorched desert land. Sir.

Vocabulary:

Main - asosiy; Flow -qo'yilmoq; Desert - sahro; Rise- turmoq; Mountain - tog' Across - orqali; Cultivate - yetishtirish; Hectare - gektar; Irrigate - sug'orish;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What is the largest river in central Asia?
   
2. 
   Why do we need water?
   
3. 
   If we have not water can we live?
   
4. 
   What is the role of water in our life?
   

TASHKENT

Tashkent is the capital of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan. It is a very old city. It was founded more than 2000 years ago. The city is located at the foothills of the Tian Shan mountain range and lies in the Chirchick river valley. The population of the city has already grown to more than 2 million people.

There are several muslim monuments and historical buildings such as the Kokaldosh madrasah and the Barakkhan mosque which were built in the 16th century.

Tashkent, which has new avenues, squares, high buildings and fountains, has become the most modern city in Uzbekistan. The city is flourishing as never before. The transport facilities are good. There are buses, trolley-buses, trams, taxis and a subway with many beautiful metro stations decorated with traditional Uzbek art.

Tashkent is the educational and scientific centre of Uzbekistan, where there are a lot of universities, institutes, schools and special secondary schools. The city has the republic's academy of sciences, which unites dozens of research institutes. It is also a cultural centre with many libraries, theatres and cinemas. Tashkent's industrial establishments, which produce cotton fabric, textile machinery, elec­trical equipment, cotton harvesters and other products, are well known not only in the CIS but in the world.

Tashkent is often called a city of peace and Mend-ship. Recently Tashkent became well-known in the world as the capital of our new sovereign, independent state. A number of summit talks have been held in Tashkent. A lot of embassies and offices of many international organizations, companies and firms have opened in the city. It has become a tradition to hold film festivals of Asian, African and Latin American cinema in Tashkent.
Vocabulary:

Old - qadimiy;

Found - tashkil topgan;

Historical buildings - tarihiy inhootlar;

Square - maydon;

Fountain - favvora;

Cultural centre - madaniyat markazi;

Called - nomlangan;

Embassy - elchixona;

Organization - tashkilotlar;

Company - kompaniya;

Firm - firma;

Tradition-an'ana;

Cinema - kino;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   Where is Tashkent located geographically?
   
2. 
   How old is Tashkent?
   
3. 
   What do you think, Tashkent is a modern city?
   
4. 
   What events bring foreigners to Tashkent?
   

HOLIDAYS IN UZBEKISTAN

The anniversary of the independence of Uzbekistan, which we celebrate on September 1, is a holiday. But there are other dates

which are holidays in Uzbekistan. On December 8 we celebrate Constitution Day.

We celebrate New Year's Day on January 1. Before New Year's Day we send New Year wishes to our friends, or we ring them up in the evening on December 31, New Year's Eve. On that night we are usually at home with our family or with some friends. At 12 o'clock we say to each other, "Happy New Year!" and we answer, "Thanks, the same to you." We give presents to members of our family, and we have a New Year tree with lights and decorations.

There are two Muslim holidays, Ramadan Khait and Kurban Khait. The dates of these holidays change every year.

March 8 is Women's Day. On that day we give presents to our mothers and sisters. The most common present for women is flowers, and on Women's Day many men buy flowers to give to their mothers and wives.

March 21 is the spring festival of Navruz, which people celebrate with flowers, dancing, music and traditional foods. Among the most important of the foods is sumalak, a dish made from boiled wheat sprouts.

May 9 is Victory Day, the anniversary of the victory over fascist Germany. It is one of the greatest holidays, and all the countries which fought together against the fascists celebrate it.

Vocabulary:

Anniversary - yillik; Holiday - bayram; Other - boshqa; Send-jo'natmoq; Wishes - tilak; Present- sovg'a; Flower-gul;

Dancing - raqsga tushmoq; Wife - rafiqa; Important - muhim; Victory-g'alaba; Against - qarshi;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What holidays are celebrated in Uzbekistan?
   
2. 
   What religious holidays are celebrated? What national holidays are
   

celebrated?

3. 
   What are the newest Uzbek holidays? What are the oldest?
   
4. 
   What is your favorite holiday?
   
5. 
   Why is Women's Day celebrated?
   
6. 
   What are your favorite holiday traditions?
   

THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF GREAT BRITAIN

Education in England is usually comprised of two stages, primary and secondary education. In most countries primary schools are subdivided into infant schools (ages 5-7) and junior schools (ages 7-11/12). In infant schools, children are encouraged to read, write, count and develop their creative abilities. Subject teaching is rare. The junior stage extends over 4 years. Children are taught arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography, nature study and other subjects.

There was a time when children attended schools for special purposes and were separated according to their ability. The necessity to organize a school that would accept all the children from a particular area without consideration of their inborn ability became apparent in England. The first school of this kind, the so-called comprehensive school appeared after World War II. These schools provide all the courses that were formerly given in grammar, technical and modern schools. These courses include all the academic subjects as well as practical subjects like cooking, needlework, gardening, shorthand, typing, woodworking and metalworking.

The main educational advantages of the current comprehensive schools are:

1. 
   They are open to all children of all types' ability from a particular area;
   
2. 
   The future of a child is not decided by the results of tests at an early age;
   
3. 
   A much wider range of subjects is available to every pupil;
   
4. 
   If necessary, a pupil can change from one course of study to another without moving to a new school.
   

Nowadays pupils can choose their own curriculum and take either a natural science course (math, physics, chemistry, biology) or an arts and humanities course (history, geography, Latin, foreign languages, arts, music).

Before leaving secondary school between the ages of 16 and 18, schoolchildren take one or two sets of exams. In England all examinations are written. Pupils can get five grades - A, B, C, D, E, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Grade 1 is the highest grade. After examinations pupils get a General Certificate of Secondary Education.

After finishing secondary school and passing advanced level (A level) at age 18 or 19, young people may continue their education at universities and colleges. There are a great number of universities and colleges in Great Britain. The oldest university towns are Cambridge and Oxford. Together they are called Oxbridge. They have been famous for 700 years. It is a great honour to study at these universities. Now there are more than 66 colleges in Cambridge and Oxford. Five of them are women's colleges. The rest are coeducational, which means they are for both men and women. The first women's college appeared in 1869. The ancient buildings, museums, libraries, chapels and colleges are in the centers of these towns. The population consists mostly of teachers and students. All students have to live in the colleges during their course of study.

In the past, students' life was very strict. They were not allowed to play games, to sing, to hunt, to fish or even to dance. They wore special dark clothes and special square academic caps called mortar­boards. Student's life is no longer controlled by such strict rules, but on special occasions, they still wear the dark robes and mortarboards.

After graduating, students receive bachelor's degrees.

Vocabulary:

Stage - bosqich;

Generally ~ umumiy o'rta ta'lim;

Ability - qobiliyat;

Rule - qoida;

Dark - qorong'u;

Receive - olmoq;

Foreign language - horijiy til;

College - kollej;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   What are the main divisions of the British education system?
   
2. 
   When were comprehensive schools formed? Why?
   
3. 
   What subjects are taught at the junior stage of primary education? What subjects are taught at the secondary level?
   
4. 
   What are the most famous universities in Great Britain? How old are they? What are they made up of?
   
5. 
   Name at least three ways the British education system is different from the Uzbek education system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each system?
   
6. 
   How do the subjects taught in British schools differ from those taught in your school?
   

UZBEKISTAN

The proclamation of independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan on September 1, 1991, is a landmark in the history of the republic. On August 31, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted the resolution "About Proclamation of State Independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan".

On March 2, 1992, the United Nations adopted a resolution to admit the Republic of Uzbekistan into its membership. Uzbekistan became a full member of the United Nations and was recognized by over 131 states of the world.

The Republic of Uzbekistan has favorable natural and geographical conditions. It is situated in the central part of Central Asia between the Amu Daryo and the Syr Daryo rivers. The territory of the republic stretches for 1425 kilometers from west to east and for 930 kilometers from north to south. In the northeast it borders on Kazakhstan, in the east and southeast on Kirghizstan and Tajikistan, in the west on Turkmenistan and in the south on Afghanistan.

Uzbekistan is the republic of sunshine. The climate of Uzbekistan is very hot in summer and very cold in winter. Temperatures in winter may drop to 33-36 degrees below zero. The hottest summer month is July. The temperature then can reach more than 45 degrees. High summer temperatures make it possible to cultivate heat-loving crops such as cotton, grapes, figs, melons, water-melons and others.

Uzbekistan is a multinational republic. The population of Uzbekistan is more than 21 million people.

Uzbekistan has great economic potential from its own resources. In the world production of quality gold, Uzbek gold has recently won two international prizes. Besides gold, other metals like copper, lead, zinc, tungsten and lithium are also produced in Uz­bekistan. Even gas, coal and oil are readily available.

Uzbekistan has about 1000 joint ventures with Germans; Koreans, Japanese and many more Turkish, Italian and French companies. The past few years, which have opened a new chapter in Uzbekistan's history, have been by no means easy.

Vocabulary:

Gas - gaz; Great - buyuk; Situated - joylashgan; River - daryo; Mountain-tog'; Border - chegara; Consists - tashkil topgan; Important - muhim; Cotton - pahta; Silk - ipak; Coal -ko'mir; Oil - neft;

Natural gas - tabiiy gaz; Gold - oltin; Climate - iqlim; Grape - uzum; Figs - anjir;

Answer the questions:

1. 
   Describe the geography of Uzbekistan.
   
2. 
   What are some crops that grow well in Uzbekistan because of the long, hot summer?
   
3. 
   In what natural resources is Uzbekistan rich?
   
4. 
   With what countries has Uzbekistan started joint ventures?
   
5. 
   What are the advantages of a multinational country?
   
6. 
   What joint ventures do you know in Uzbekistan? Are there joint ventures located in your community?
   

THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN

After the independence of the republic of Uzbekistan, the cabinet of ministers decreed the creation of a special government committee with the purpose of reforming the educational system, to introduce radical changes in result. The national program for the preparation of specialist and a new law on education were formed.

In providing the continuous education with the state educational standards and appropriate curriculum, an attention must be paid to correspondence with the world standards and be created on the basis of high spirituality.

That's why it makes since to create comprehensive programmers such as preschool, primary, general and extracurricular education.

1. 
   Preschool education includes children from 3 to 6-7 years of age. It is a held in the family, kindergarten and other educational institutes.
   
2. 
   Primary education includes from 1 to 4 grades and begins from 6-7 years of age.
   
3. 
   General secondary education. Pupils are educated from forms 5 up to 9.
   

An attention must be paid to the fact that the comprehensive school is compulsory for everybody.

4. 
   Trade and vocational education. Academic lyceums, colleges and vocational secondary schools (education lasts for three years).
   
5. 
   Higher education. As a rule, it begins from 18-19 and lasts at least years. Higher education is divided into 2 stages:
   

Baccalaureate and magistracy.

Baccalaureate - the first higher education stage. Education for bachelor's degree lasts at least 4 years and finishes with getting the diploma and acquiring profession. At the same time, we must introduce one more stage; complete the official indissoluble educational system. This stage is divided into postgraduate studies and doctorate.

Postgraduate study. The education lasts 3 years on the basis of magistracy. It is finished after academic and qualifying examinations, and defending a thesis. According to the results, the scientific and is completed with defending thesis. In other words, in this sphere the former order is preserved.
Vocabulary:

Educational system - ta'lim dasturi;

Baccalaureate - bakalavr;

Magistracy - magistr;

Create - tuzmoq;

Preschool - maktabgacha bo'lgan ta'lim;

Primary education - boshlang'ich ta'lim ;

Generally secondary education - umumiy o'rta ta'lim;

Trade and vocational education - o'rta maxsus ta'lim;

Higher education - oliy ta'lim;

Postgraduate study - aspirantura;

Answer the questions:

1. Do you know the national program for the preparation of
specialists?

2. 
   What kind of comprehensive programs were created?
   
3. 
   What age general secondary education system will begin from?
   
4. 
   Do you know about Education System of Uzbekistan?
   

5. What can you say about the higher education system of
Uzbekistan?