Inclusion and education

FIGURE 3.4: 
About 60% of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian youth in the Balkans do not attend upper secondary school
Out-of-school rate among adolescents of lower secondary and youth of upper secondary school age, by ethnicity, Kosovo,
1
Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia, 2018–20
100
0
40
20
60
80
Egyptian
Roma
Ashkali
All
All
Roma
Roma female
Roma poorest
All
Roma
Roma female
Roma poorest
Roma poorest
All
Roma
Roma female
%
Lower secondary
Upper secondary
Kosovo, 2019–20
Montenegro, 2018
N. Macedonia, 2018–19
Serbia, 2019
Source: 
MICS Survey Findings Reports.
1
References to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999)
.
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C E N T R A L A N D E A S T E R N E U R O P E , C A U C A S U S A N D C E N T R A L A S I A

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which are often marginalized. One approach for hard-
to-reach populations is snowball sampling, in which 
respondents provide leads to further participants. This 
technique was used to rapidly assess migrant and refugee 
education levels in Europe, where further studies confirmed 
the results’ robustness. For instance, two waves of migrant 
and refugee surveys along the Balkan corridor
found that 
76% of those aged 25 to 64 in 2015 and 2016 had secondary 
or tertiary education, matching the findings of a formal 
longitudinal survey in Germany, the principal destination 
country (Aksoy and Poutvaara, 2019).
Overall, student populations in schools and classrooms in 
the region are more homogeneous than in EU countries. 
Analysis of lower secondary school teacher responses 
in the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey 
in 14 countries in the region shows that only Bulgaria, 
Kazakhstan and Latvia had a higher share of linguistically 
diverse classrooms than the EU average and only Georgia 
and Turkey had a higher share of classrooms with a large 
number of displaced children (
Boxes 3.1 
and
3.2
). National 
shares of classrooms with a large number of students with 
special needs and, especially, migrant background were 
much lower than the EU average (
Figure 3.5
).