Ii. Main part wuthering Heights Romance Case Basic facts of life and work

English novelists of the 19th century. Creativity J. Austen, sh. Brontë, e. Brontë, J. Eliot
Jane Austen holds a special place in 19th century English literature: she continues the traditions of 18th century realistic literature and is the link between Enlightenment realism and 19th century realism. Austin's career is usually divided into two stages. This division is arbitrary. The writer did not seek to publish her works as soon as possible, she carefully modified them. Therefore, the novels of the first and second periods were published almost simultaneously. The novels Feeling and Sensibility (1795, published in 1811), Pride and Prejudice (1796. published in 1813), Northanger Abbey (Northanger Abbey) (1798, published in 1818) belong to the first period, and “Mansfield Park” (publ. 1814), “Emma” (publ. 1816), “Arguments of Reason” (publ. 1818) - to the second. The last novel by the writer published during her lifetime was Emma.
Arguments of Reason - the last of the written works and the early novel “Northanger Abbey” came out after the death of the author in 1818. All lifetime editions were published without the name of the author. The author's skill manifested itself in the ability to unobtrusively, with its inherent subtle irony, to emphasize the main thing in each of the heroes, to tear off some of the veil of external decency, respectability and show their true face. Against the background of contemporary literature, Jane Austen's works stood out for their refined simplicity, accuracy and depth of social and psychological motivations for the characters' behavior, stylistic skill. The writer did not seek to fill her works with didacticism, did not idealize heroes, avoided melodramaticism - everything that was inherent in the prose of her time. Austin's writings lack detailed descriptions, detailed portrait and landscape characteristics, and author's comments. The heroes of the novels manifest themselves in actions and speeches. Basically, the entire narrative keeps a masterfully built dialogue, which reveals the behavior of the characters, their psychology, moral struggles. The writer actively used the technique of improperly direct speech to characterize the inner world of the heroes, external details, subtext. Another feature of Austin's novels is irony, which manifests itself in the discrepancy between the actions and speeches of the heroes, in the characteristics that the author gives them. The writer did not seek to fill her works with didacticism, did not idealize the heroes, avoided melodrama - everything that was inherent in the prose of her time. Austin's writings lack detailed descriptions, detailed portrait and landscape characteristics, and author's comments. The heroes of the novels manifest themselves in actions and speeches. Basically, the entire narrative keeps a skillfully built dialogue, which reveals the behavior of the characters, their psychology, moral struggles. The writer actively used the technique of improperly direct speech to characterize the inner world of the heroes, external details, subtext. Another feature of Austin's novels is irony, which manifests itself in the discrepancy between the actions and speeches of the heroes, in the characteristics that the author gives them. Charlotte Bronte (1816 - 1855) - English writer, co-author of the poetry collection "Poems of Carrer, Ellis and Acton Bells" (1846), author of the novels: "Jane Eyre" (1847), "Shirley" (1849), "Town" (1853 ) and "Teacher" (1846, published 1857). Jane Eyre is one of the most significant works of English literature.
The work was published in October 1847 and was a tremendous success. Thackeray admitted that, picking up the book, he spent the whole day with it, throwing it aside, being struck by the originality of the artistic method, "the combination of pure feeling with confessional sincerity." S. Bronte demonstrated in her work a brilliant knowledge of the Bible, Greek mythology, and English literature of previous centuries. The power of influence and charm of the work of S. Bronte lies in the truth of feelings, in their truth, in the combination of the real and the romantic, in the captivating story of a simple little governess, capable of great and devoted love and who managed to find her happiness. The book contains the immortal motive of the fabulous Cinderella, who appears in the image of young Jane Eyre so similar to Brontë herself. Her own heroine, a modest governess, will also be able to withstand the vicissitudes of fate, the energetic pressure of her master, maintain her self-esteem and conclude a happy marriage with a rich and worthy man in the end. The innovative character of Jane Eyre is that it depicts a heroine bravely defending her human dignity, her right to an independent work life and love. The writer created the image of a freedom-loving and rebellious woman who seriously reflects on life, deeply feels and in a full voice declares her aspirations and views. In the image of Jane Eyre S. Bronte embodied her ideas about a modern woman who is able to determine her life and become not only a wife, Noah is a worthy friend of a man. The novel "Jane Eyre" tells the story of a simple girl forced to fight for existence. The novel is chronologically structured, it is conducted from the first person, all chapters are united by the main character, Jane Eyre, a proud, noble creature with a romantic soul and defending the right to freely dispose of his own destiny. Each chapter of the novel, according to the author, is similar to an action in a play. The principle of dramatic construction is one of the characteristic in the creative manner of Sh. Bronte. The movement of prose is carried out through numerous dialogues, in the construction of which S. Bronte discovered an amazing skill. Each of the dialogues has a specific coloring: self-affirmation, passionate confession, sad foreboding, philosophical dispute about the world, man, moral issues. The leitmotif of the novel is an almost constantly blowing cold, piercing wind, a metaphor for an emotionally intense and rapidly changing life. Sounds, colors, phenomena incomprehensible at first glance play a large role in the novel - wild screams and strange laughter in the house, an unexpectedly starting fire, a torn veil of the heroine - all these moments do not pursue the goal of simply horrifying the reader. To characterize the characters, the author often uses the principle of contrast. The dazzling beauty of the aristocrat Blanche Ingram is combined with extreme selfishness and cruelty. The outward nondescriptness of Jane Eyre - with the depth and sincerity of feelings, spiritual nobility. Nature and man are perceived by S. Brontë in close unity. Various natural phenomena: thunderstorm, storm, pouring rain - emphasize the emotional state of the characters, enhance the nuance of feelings. A stormy declaration of love and a failed wedding (the culmination of the novel) is preceded by a symbolic scene of a thunderstorm in Thornfield's garden, a thunderbolt that split an old chestnut into two parts. The novel falls into two parts. The first examines the personality in relation to its spiritual world, issues of morality, women's equality, etc. The second, which tells about the wanderings of Jane Eyre, also poses topical problems. The theme of social inequality, the plight of farm laborers whose children are taught by Jane Eyre in a village school, gradually realizing that poor peasants are "the same creatures of flesh and blood as the offspring of the most noble families" sounds more acute. The two male central images represent the antithesis (the blind, but with internal vision, Rochester, and the sighted "blind" St. John). The philosophical core, the Hegelian thought about the living development of an idea as a thesis, antithesis and synthesis, which determines the internal structure, gives a special depth to the narration. Each of the three central characters personifies a certain life path, which is correlated in one way or another with the moral ideal put forward by the author. Emilia Brontë. In the judgments of the contemporaries and descendants of Emilia Bronte (1818 - 1848), the thought has repeatedly sounded that she is much more a poet than a novelist. Meanwhile, Emily entered the history of literature primarily as the creator of the novel Wuthering Heights. Emilia was the most mysterious of the sisters - thin, shy, very withdrawn, hiding from everyone the deep movements of the soul and feelings.
The novel Wuthering Heights (1847) is a completely unique phenomenon in English literature. It is influenced by Dafoe and Richardson, W. Scott and Shelley. In the work of E. Brontë lives a romantic tradition, merging with realism. The spirit of romanticism is embodied in the work with great emotional tension. It is no coincidence that "Wuthering Heights" was called "the most romantic of novels" (W. Peyter), "a devilish book that united all the strongest female inclinations", one of the best novels "in terms of the strength and penetration of style" (D.G. Rossetti), "One of the manifestos of the English genius ... a novel that grows into poetry" (R. Fox). The famous 20th century writer W. Wolfe wrote: “Wuthering Heights is a more difficult book than Jane Eyre, because Emily is more of a poet than Charlotte. Charlotte used all her eloquence, passion and richness of style in order to express simple things: “I love”, “I hate”, “I suffer”. Her experiences, although richer than ours, are at our level. And in "Grozovoy Pass" I am absent altogether. There are no governesses or their employers. There is love, but not that love that binds men and women. Emily's inspiration is more generalized. It was not personal experiences and resentments that motivated her to work. She saw before her a split world, a chaotic heap of fragments and felt the strength to bring them together on the pages of her book. From beginning to end, this titanic design is felt in her novel, this high effort - half fruitless - to say through the lips of her heroes not just "I love" or "I hate", but - "We, the human race" and "You, the eternal forces "Wuthering Heights" is a novel about love in conditions of social inequality and injustice. The novel depicts England as it was in the 1840s; E. Bronte tells not only about love in general, she talks about the benefits that a strong social position promises, about marriages of convenience, about the meaning and role of religion, and the relationship between the rich and the poor. The world that emerged in the novel by E. Brontë is not the embodiment of harmony; rather, it is a field of fierce struggle, but at the same time it is strikingly beautiful. The heroes of "Wuthering Heights" - the highly moral Lintons and the wild Ernshaws with their harsh puritanism, strange behavior, rudeness - are shaped by the dull, monotonous life of Yorkshire. The plot of the novel was partly inspired by family legends, in particular the story of a mysterious foundling who, in revenge for the hardships, humiliation and insults experienced in childhood, ruined the family that raised him. According to the memoirs of Charlotte, Emilia "was especially interested in those tragic and terrible events that involuntarily amaze people familiar with the history of any wilderness." The landscape becomes an accomplice and a harbinger of events in the novel. Heather fields and peat bogs are illuminated by the blaze of lightning, the shadow of thunderclouds foreshadowing a storm falls on them; peals of thunder accompany the experiences of restless and suffering heroes.
The gloomy atmosphere of life is sometimes adorned with only colors and sounds. The fictional world was intertwined in a romance with the real world. England was going through at that time serious political and social cataclysms, which could not but affect the social atmosphere, the characters of people trying to adapt to the changed life. Compositionally, the novel is masterfully constructed. The fate of the main characters as a whole is known at the beginning of the work, but nevertheless, the narrative that unfolds further is saturated with such dynamics, the struggle of characters, which allows maintaining internal tension. The main characters not only speak for themselves, but are also presented through the perception of other characters, which gives rise to the feeling of a special volume of the novel. The external outline of the narrative was transferred by the author to Lockwood, who arrived in this provincial corner from a more civilized world, but at the same time completely devoid of the heat of passion. He is a restrained, well-mannered man, which leaves an imprint on the nature of his impressions. Another narrator is Nelly Dean, a maid and confidant of the Earnshaws and Lintons. Her perception of events bears the stamp of a certain social status. The use of two storytellers, each of whom interprets what is happening in his own way, allowed E.
Manning, Susan, editor (1992), "Introduction to", Quentin Durward, by Scott, Walter, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Brontë to create a double focus of the story and further dramatize it. In addition, the narration includes inserted episodes, letters, excerpts from diaries. Complex composition keeps the reader in constant tension. In the center of the narrative is the love story of the noblewoman Catherine Earnshaw and the homeless orphan Heathcliff. The work contrasts two worlds – horseshoes breathing Heathcliff and the inhabitants of the manor houses. The world of evil is embodied in the tyrant Hindley, in Joseph beating Heathcliff. Hicklifth is a rebel who rises against the established order, against God and religion, against evil and injustice. In many ways, to match him and Catherine - also a strong and bright personality, which is distinguished by a natural mind and determination. But the world still had its detrimental effect on her. Realizing perfectly well that her marriage to Edgar Linton is internally untenable, Catherine nevertheless marries him and betrays the most precious thing in her life - love for Heathcliff. At the same time, she is well aware of whom she has a true and deep affection about which she says: “... I am Heathcliff! He ... my whole being. " The departure of Heathcliff, who learned about Katherine's desire to marry another, and then his return lead the young woman to a quick death. The love depicted in the novel is devoid of harmony, but it is also absent in the surrounding world, where destructive forces operate. The theme of calm and serene happiness is not of interest to Emilia Bronte as a novelist. The tragedy in Wuthering Heights is not connected with the theme of the death of heroes, as in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, but with the violation of the harmonious principle within a person. Heathcliff and Catherine could be happy only as long as money, prejudice, conventions did not stand between them. However, nothing could kill their love for each other. Heathcliff goes into self-imposed exile to fight for his Katherine. He endured a lot in life, but the unjust society, which became hateful to him, brought him up in its own image and likeness. Therefore, the hero devotes his life to revenge. He marries Linton's sister and turns her life into a chain of endless humiliations, grabs Earnshaw's property, treating his son Harton the same way he once treated him, forcing her daughter Catherine Cathy to marry her seriously ill son by force and cunning ... But in the end, the hero realizes the futility and perniciousness of the path he has chosen. “Just as Katherine was forced to fully realize the full moral horror of betraying her love, so he, Heathcliff, too, had to understand the whole horror of his own betrayal of his human nature. The human wins in the hero, and he refuses to take revenge on Katie and Hareton, young rebels who defend their right to happiness. The names of the heroes are symbolic. Heathcliff means "heather cliff." Katie is a derivative of Katherine, who was numbered among the saints for the suffering she experienced. Both are "like undivided rocks." "Good" and "evil" received a completely inadequate sounding in "Stormy Pass"