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113
A
A
P
P
P
P
E
E
N
N
D
D
I
I
X
X
1
1
C
C
O
O
N
N
N
N
E
E
C
C
T
T
I
I
V
V
E
E
S
S
Appendix 1: Connectives
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Appendix 1
Connectives
1-
Enumeration:
First, … Furthermore, … Finally, …
Firstly, … Secondly, …. Thirdly, …
Above all
Last but not least
First and foremost
First and most importantly
To begin, … In the second place, … Moreover, … And to conclude, …
To start with, … Next, … Then, … Afterward, … Lastly/Finally, …
2-
Addition:
to what has been previously indicated
A.
Reinforcement (includes confirmation):
Also
Furthermore
Further
Moreover
What is more
Then
In addition
Above all
Too
As well (as)
B.
Equation (similarity with what has preceded):
Equally
Likewise
Similarly
Correspondingly
In the same way
3-
Transition
can lead to a new stage in the sequence of thought
Now
With reference/ respect/ regard to
Regarding
Let us (now) turn to
Appendix 1: Connectives
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115
often used when discussing something briefly
spoken
language
4-
Summation
indicates a generalization or summing-up of what
has preceded
In conclusion
To conclude
To sum up briefly
In brief
To summarize
Altogether
Overall
Then
Therefore
Thus
5-
Apposition
is used to refer back to previous sentences or to
parallel or related references
i.e., that is, that’s to say
vis., Namely
in other words
or, or rather, or better
and
as follows
mostly (of)
The relationship that these phrases can express include:
reformulation, exemplification and particularization
As for
As to
Incidentally
By the way
Come to think of it
Talking/speaking of … (informal)
Apropos of … (formal)
That reminds me …
Indicates a
digression and an
afterthought
To introduce a
digression
Appendix 1: Connectives
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6-
Result
expresses the consequences or result of what was said
before:
So
Therefore
As a result/consequence
The result/consequence is/was
Accordingly
Consequently
Now
Then
Because of this/that
Thus
Hence
For this/that reason
7-
Inference
indicates a deduction from what is implicit in the
preceding sentences:
Then
In other words
In that case
Or else
Otherwise
If so/not
That implies
My conclusion is
8-
Reformulation
to express something in another way:
Or better
Or rather
In other words
In that case
To put it (more) simply
9-
Replacement
to express an alternative to what has
preceded
Or alternatively
Or rather
Or better/worse (still) …
Equivalent to a negative condition
Appendix 1: Connectives
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On the other hand
The alternative is
Another possibility would be
10-
Contrast,
with what has preceded
Instead
Conversely
Then
On the contrary
By (way of) contrast
In comparison
(On the one hand) … on the other hand …
11-
concession
indicates the unexpected, surprising nature of
what is being said in view of what was said before:
or (else)
however
nevertheless
nonetheless
notwithstanding
only
still
while
al(though)
even if/though
yet
in any case
at any rate
for all that
in spite of/despite
that
after all
at the same time
on the other hand
all the same
Appendix 1: Connectives
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A
A
P
P
P
P
E
E
N
N
D
D
I
I
X
X
2
2
S
S
T
T
R
R
U
U
C
C
T
T
U
U
R
R
E
E
&
&
V
V
O
O
C
C
A
A
B
B
U
U
L
L
A
A
R
R
Y
Y
A
A
I
I
D
D
Appendix 1: Connectives
IELTS Essays,
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119
Appendix 2
Structure and Vocabulary Aid
1-
Location
X is situated/located in/to/on
X is in the south of the country
X is to the north of the country
The north of the country is on/near the equator/the coast/sea
The north of the country is inland
X is a neighboring country
2-
Composition
X
3-
Approximation
X has just/a little over/under (a figure, measurement, etc.)
X has about/approximately (a figure, measurement, etc.)
4-
Qualification
X is predominately/mainly/generally …
The majority of/most of the X is …
5-
Definition
X
X is concerned with/deals with/relates to/involves
comprises …
consists of …
constitutes …
is composed of …
is …
means …
describes …
is defined as …
is used …
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6-
Exemplification
Shown/exemplified/illustrated by …
X shows/exempify/illustrates …
The following are examples of X
A and b are examples of X
Writes such as Dickens and Hardy …
Such writers as Dickens and Hardy …
7-
Classification
Useful nouns
Criterion/criteria
Basis/bases
Features
Characteristics
Categories
Classes
Groups
Types
Kinds
Sorts
speacies
Useful verbs
To
Classify
Categorise
Group
Divide into
Arrange in
Put into
Fall into
X consists of … according to whether or not … there is X …
comprises
X may be classified
The classification is based (up)on …
Breeds
Orders
Divisions
Families
Members
Sub-categories
Sub-classes
Sub-groups
Sub-orders
Sub-divisions
according to …
on the basis of …
depending (up)on…
Place in
Distinguish
Differentiate
Sub-classify
Sub-categorise
Sub-group
Sub-divide
Appendix 1: Connectives
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Note the possible sequences:
8-
Comparison
X is than
X is
the same as
X is not exactly/entirely/quite the same as
X is totally/completely/entirely/quite different from Y
X is not quite as/so big/expensive etc. as …
X and Y are different/dissimilar in every way/respect
X and Y are totally/completely/entirely/quite different
9-
Cause & Effect
the cause of higher prices was an increase in demand
the one effect/consequence/result of an increase in demand is
higher prices
… may be divided
… may be sub-divided …
… may be further sub-divided …
considerably
A great deal
(very) much
(quite) a lot
rather
somewhat
a little
slightly
scarcely
hardly
only just
smaller
bigger
cheaper
etc.
exactly
precisely
just
virtually
practically
more or less
almost
nearly
approximately
about
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the demand has increased (:) the prices are
higher
because/as/since/now that the demand has increased, the prices
are higher
an increase in demand often causes/results in/leads to/produces
higher prices
higher prices are (often) caused by/due to/because of an increase in
demand
an increase in demand
the prices are higher
there is an increase in demand
when/if there is an increase in demand (then) prices rise
therefore,
so,
as a result,
as a consequence,
accordingly,
consequently,
because of this,
thus,
hence,
for this reason,
because of
as a result of
on account of
owing to
through
because
since
as
Appendix 1: Connectives
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10-
Scale
Percentage
guide
QUANTITY
FREQUENC
Y
PROBABILITY
ADVERBS
ADJECTIVES
VERBS
0%
all/every/each
most
a majority (of)
many/much
a lot (of)
enough
some
a number of
several
a minority (of)
a few/a little
no/none/not any
always
usually
normally
generally
on the whole
regularly
often
frequently
sometimes
occasionally
rarely
seldom
hardly ever
never
certainly
definitely
undoubtedly
clearly
presumably
probably
conceivably
possibly
perhaps
maybe
uncertainly
certain
definite
undoubted
clear
(un)likely
probable
possible
uncertain
will
is/are
must/have to
should
would
ought to
may
might
can
could
will
is/are
can
could
it is fairly certain/likely that …
it is very/quite probable/possible/likely/unlikely that …
it is rather unlikely that …
it is almost/quite certain that …
in the (vast) majority of cases
in a (large) number of cases
in most cases
in some cases
in a few cases
11-
Caution:
impersonal verbs phrases
it appears to/that
it would appear to/that
it seems to/that
it would seem to/that
it tends to be
there is a tendency to/for
it is said that
some of the evidence shows that
some writers say that
100
%
not
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it has been suggested that
it is generally agreed that
it is widely accepted that
it is now generally recognized that
it is very doubtful if
some adverbs and nouns
adverbs
nouns
Apparantly
Approximately
Hardly
Practically
Presumably
Relatively
Scarely
Seemingly
Slightly
virtually
Assumption
Claim
Estimate
Evidence
Possibility
Presumption
Chance
Likelihood
12-
referring to a diagram, chart etc.
as it can be seen from/in the chart …
according to table …
as (is) shown in the diagram …
it can be seen from the graph that …
from the table, it can be that …
seen
concluded
shown
estimated
calculated
inferred
Appendix 1: Connectives
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125
13-
Describing change
Direction
Verbs
Nouns
Rose (to)
Increased (to)
Went up (to)
Climbed (to)
Boomed
A rise
An increase
A growth
An upward trend
A boom
(a dramatic rise)
Fell (to)
Declined (to)
Decreased (to)
Dipped (to)
Dropped (to)
Went down (to)
Slumped (to)
Reduced (to)
Plummeted (to)
A decrease
A decline
A fall
A drop
A slump
(a dramatic fall)
A reduction
Leveled out (at)
Did not change
Remained stable (at)
Remained steady (at)
Stayed constant (at)
Maintained the same
level
Plateaued (at)
Reached a plateau
A leveling out
No change
A plateau
Fluctuated (around)
Peaked (at)
Bottomed out at
Stood at
(we use this
phrase to focus on a
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