I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn

IV. Practice the following speech patterns.

Pattern 1. Newton was the first to formulate the law of

gravitation.

Einstein – the General Theory of Relativity

Einstein – the idea of space-time curvature

Newton – the laws of motion

Pattern 2. Newton’s theory is adequate for

weak gravitational fields.

Einstein’s theory – strong gravitational fields

Newton’s theory – the motion of planets

V. Find the sentences that can’t be found in the text.

1. Gravity is a force of the mutual attraction between objects that have mass.

2. Physicists characterize the strength of a gravitational field in terms of acceleration.

3. Newton’s mathematical description of gravity is adequate for weak gravitational fields.

4. According to Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, the mutual attraction between objects is the result of the curving of space and time around them.

5. One prediction of the General Theory is the existence of gravitational waves.

6. In classical Newton physics, the gravitational attraction between two object of masses M and m is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers of mass.

7. In relativistic Einsteinian physics, however, massive object, such as stars, deform space, forming a «gravity well».

8. In most situations Newton’s law suffices for calculating gravitational forces.

VII. Find Uzbek equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text.

1. mutual attraction _____________________________________

2. its influence is taken for granted __________________________

3. was the first to formulate _______________________________

4. to express in mathematical terms __________________________

5. the law of universal gravitation __________________________

6. is directly proportional _________________________________

7. is inversely proportional ________________________________

8. experimental measurements ____________________________

9. it can be found by equating ______________________________

10. when applied to large masses ___________________________

11. is adequate for weak gravitational fields ___________________

12. in terms of acceleration ________________________________

13. is denoted by «g» _____________________________________

14. the result of the curving ________________________________

15. the idea is valid _____________________________________

16. have not been detected directly __________________________

17. Newton’s law suffices ________________________________

VIII. Analyze the structure of the sentences.

1. It can be found by equating the force of gravity between the

body and the mass of 1 kg. with Newton’s second law of motion, which

gives the acceleration produced by a force acting on a particular mass.

2. It [the law] fails when applied to large masses confined to small

regions in which the force of gravity is very strong.

IX. Fill in the missing words.

1. Gravity is a force of the _______ attraction between objects that have mass.

2. Its influence in everyday life is so pervasive that it is taken ___ _______.

3. The law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is _____ ______ to the product of the masses of the two objects.

4. Physicists characterize the ______ of a gravitational field in terms of ________.

5. It can be found by ______ the force of gravity between the body and a mass of 1kg with Newton’s second law of motion.

6. Newton’s mathematical description of gravity is _______ for _______ gravitational fields.

7. Accordingly to Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, the ______ attraction between objects is the result of the _______ of _______ and time around them.

8. One prediction of the General Theory is the _______ of gravitational waves.

9. In most situations, however, Newton’s law _______ for calculating gravitational forces.

10. A commonplace _______ of the gravitational attraction between massive bodies is the phenomenon of the tides.

X. Fill in the necessary prepositions.

1. Gravity is a force ___ the mutual attraction ___ objects that have mass.

2. The law states that the gravitational force ___ two objects is directly prepositional ___ the product ___ the masses ___ the two objects.

3. The second law ___ motion gives the acceleration produced ___ a force acting ___ a particular mass.

4. Newton’s description ___ gravity is adequate ___ weak gravitational fields.

5. But it fails when applied ___ large masses confined ___ small regions.

6. ___ present there is only indirect evidence ___ their existence.

7. ___ most situations, however, Newton’s law suffices ___ calculating gravitational forces.

8. The phenomenon ___ the tides results ___ the unequal attraction ___ the moon and sun ___ the water ___ the oceans ___ the earth.

XI. Practice with someone asking and answering.

1. What is gravity?

2. Why is it taken for granted?

3. Who was the first to formulate the law of gravitation?

4. How was it called?

5. What does it state?

6. In what way do physicists characterize the strength of a gravitational field?

7. How can the strength be found?

8. Is Newton’s mathematical description of gravity adequate for all gravitational fields?

9. When does it fail?

10. What theory has to be used in this case?

11. What is the essence of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity?

12. What is gravitation according to Einstein?

13. What is one of the predictions of the General Theory?

14. Have gravitational waves been detected?

15. What law suffices for calculating gravitational forces in most situations?

UNIT 23

I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn.

a paper, stream, tiny, quantum theory, level, to award, to intro-

duce, to depend on (upon), random motion, a curved field, to de-

flect, unified, field theory, ability, the universe, space

II. Read the text. Use a dictionary, if necessary.

TEXT: «ALBERT EINSTEIN»

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was one of the greatest scientists and most creative minds of all time. Before he was 30 years old, Einstein had published a group of brilliant theories that completely changed modern science. Einstein revealed several of his earth-shaking theories in the single year of 1905. He presented his ideas in three scientific papers. One of the papers of 1905 was entitled, On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light. Einstein suggested that light could be thought of as a stream of tiny particles, called quanta. For this reason, light demonstrates qualities of both waves and particles. Einstein’s ideas about light laid important groundwork for the quantum theory of physics. The quantum theory would become, in a short time, a revolutionary way of thinking about motion at the atomic level. The 1921 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Einstein for this work. Another paper of 1905, The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, presented Einstein’s special theory of relativity. This theory introduced the following idea: given that the speed of light is constant and all natural laws are the same, then both time and motion are relative to the observer. This was a radical change in scientific thinking, because no one had yet thought that time or motion might be subjective, that is changeable depending upon the observer’s perspective. Still another Einstein’s paper of 1905 was On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid. In this paper, Einstein explained the apparently random motion of tiny particles in a liquid. This type of motion is known in science as Brownian motion. Some years later, Einstein developed his general theory of relativity. In 1916 he published an article entitled The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity. Einstein explained that gravitation is a curved field in the spacetime continuum, rather than a force as Sir Isaac Newton had thought. Theoretically, this meant that starlight should be bent, or deflected, as it passes by the sun. But there was no immediate way to test Einstein’s theory. From the 1920s on, Einstein directed his scientific efforts toward developing unified field theory that would unify all kinds of forces, such as gravity and electromagnetism. Einstein’s efforts in this field drew him into controversy. Many, if not most, physicists believed that the quest for a unified field theory was an impossible one. They reasoned that the movement of a single particle cannot be predicted, according to the quantum theory. For the most part, they also believed that future theoretical advances in physics would never remove this basic uncer tainty principle. For these reasons, Einstein became rather isolated from the scientific community toward the end of his life. Nevertheless, Einstein continued his work in physics with unified field theory. He published a version of the theory in 1950.

III. Give nouns corresponding to the following verbs and translate them.

To create, to reveal, to present, to concern, to produce, to trans-

form, to suggest, to demonstrate, to move, to introduce, to observe, to

depend, to explain, to found, to deflect, to unify, to controvert, to rea-

son, to predict, to enjoy, to respect, to separate, to contribute.

IV. Find the sentences that can’t be found in the text.

1. Before he was 30 years old Einstein had published a group of brilliant theories that completely changed modern science.

2. Einstein’s theories provided basic knowledge needed to unleash the power of the atom.

3. Einstein suggested that light could be thought of as a stream of tiny particles called quanta.

4. Einstein also explained the photoelectric effect which occurs when a bright beam of light strikes certain metal, causing the metal to release electrons in the form of an electrical current.

5. Einstein explained that gravitation is a curved field in the spacetime continuum, rather than a force.

6. Many, if not most, physicists believed that the guest for a unified field theory was an impossible one.

7. The very name of Einstein became a synonym for genius.

VI. Find Uzbek equivalents to the following expressions in the text.

1. one of the most creative minds __________________________

2. earth-shaking theories __________________________________

3. in the single year of 1905 _______________________________

4. Einstein suggested ___________________________________

5. At the atomic level ___________________________________

6. was awarded ________________________________________

7. both time and motion ___________________________________

8. depending upon the observer’s perspective ________________

9. given that __________________________________________

10. a curved field in the space-time continuum ________________

11. should be bent or deflected _____________________________

12. cannot be predicted ___________________________________

13. according to the quantum theory _________________________

14. uncertainty principle _________________________________

15. showed little scholastic ability __________________________

16. thus ______________________________________________

17. unequaled contributions ______________________________

18. people throughout the world ____________________________

VII. Fill in the missing words.

1. Albert Einstein was one of the greatest scientists and most _____ _____ of all time.

2. Einstein suggested that light could be thought of as a _____ of tiny particles, called _____.

3. For this reason, light demonstrates _____ of both waves and particles.

4. Einstein’s ideas about light laid _____ _____ for the quantum theory of physics.

5. The 1921 Nobel Prize in physics was ______ to Einstein for this work.

6. Given that the speed of light is _____ and all natural laws are the same then both time and motion are _____ to the observer.

7. In this paper Einstein explained the apparently ______ motion of tiny _____ in a liquid.

8. Einstein explained that gravitation is a ______ _____ in the space time continuum.

9. Theoretically, this meant that starlight should be ______ or ______ as it passes by the sun.

10. But there was no immediate way to ______ Einstein’s theory.

11. From the 1920s on, Einstein directed his scientific efforts toward developing _______ _______ theory.

12. For the most part they also believed that future theoretical advances in physics would never remove this basic _____ ______.

VIII. Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1. ____ Einstein was 30 years old, he had published a group ___ brilliant theories.

2. He presented his ideas ___ three scientific papers.

3. ___ this reason, light demonstrates quantities ___ both waves and particles.

4. Einstein’s ideas ___ light laid important groundwork ___ the quantum theory ___ physics.

5. The quantum theory would become, ___ a short time, a revolutionary way ___ thinking ___ motion ___ the atomic level.

6. Theoretically, this meant that starlight should be bent, or deflected, as it passes ___ the sun.

7. ___ the 20s on, Einstein directed his scientific efforts ___ developing unified field theory that would unify all kinds ___ forces, such as gravity and magnetism.

IX. Define whether the sentences are true or false.

1. Albert Einstein was one of the most creative minds of all time.

2. Before he was 50 years old, he had published a group of brilliant theories that completely changed modern science.

3. Einstein revealed several of his earth-shaking theories in the period of 5 years.

4. He presented his ideas in three scientific papers.

5. One of the papers of 1905 was on the production and transformation of light.

6. Einstein suggested that light could be a stream of electrons.

7. For this reason, light demonstrates qualities of both waves and particles.

8. Einstein’s ideas about light lay important groundwork for the nuclear theory of the atom.

9. The quantum theory of physics was a revolutionary way of thinking about motion at the atomic level.

10. The 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Einstein for this work.

11. Another paper of 1905 The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies presented Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

12. The third paper of 1905 explained the apparently random motion of tiny particles in a liquid.

13. Einstein formulated his general theory of relativity in 1920.

14. Einstein explained that gravitation is a curved field in the spacetime continuum, rather than a force as Sir Isaac Newton had thought.

15. But there was no immediate way to test Einstein’s theory.

16. From the 1920s on, Einstein directed his scientific efforts towards developing unified field theory relationships that would unify all kinds of forces, such as gravity and electromagnetism.

17. Einstein published a version of the unified field theory in 1940.

X. Finish the following sentences.

1. Albert Einstein was one of the most ....

2. Before he was 30 years old, Einstein had published ....

3. Einstein revealed several of his earth-shaking theories ....

4. He presented his ideas ....

5. One of the papers of 1905 was on the production ....

6. Einstein suggested that light could be a stream ....

7. For this reason, light demonstrates qualities ....

8. Einstein’s ideas about light lay important groundwork ....

9. The quantum theory of physics was a revolutionary way of thinking ....

10. The 1921 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded ....

11. Another paper of 1905 The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, presented ....

12. According to Einstein time and motion ....

13. The third paper of 1905 explained ....

14. Einstein formulated his general theory of relativity ....

15. Einstein explained that gravitation is a curved field ....

16. But there was no immediate way to test ....

17. From the 1920s on, Einstein directed his scientific efforts to wards ....

18. Einstein published a version of the unified field theory ....

XI. Practice with someone asking and answering.

1. Was Einstein one of the most creative minds of all time?

2. What had he published before he was 30 years old?

3. When exactly did Einstein reveal several of his earth-shaking theories?

4. Did he present his ideas in three or four papers?

5. Was one of his papers of 1905 on the production and transformation of light?

6. What did he suggest?

7. What qualities does light demonstrate?

8. For what theory did Einstein’s ideas about light lay important groundwork?

9. What prize was awarded to Einstein for this work?

10. What did the paper entitled The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies present?

11. What did the third paper of 1905 explain?

12. When did Einstein formulate his general theory of relativity?

13. What is the difference between Einstein and Newton in understanding gravitation?

14. Was there an immediate way to test Einstein’s theory? When did the proof come?

15. What to did Einstein direct his scientific efforts, from the 1920s on?

16. Did Einstein publish his unified field theory?

XII. Translating into Uzbek without using a dictionary.

Albert Einstein was born in southern Germany in 1879. As a boy, Einstein went to the rigid, harsh German schools of the late 1800’s. Young Albert showed little scholastic ability. Meanwhile, he studied the violin with his Uncle Jacob. Thus, Einstein began a lifelong enjoyment of music as a very good amateur violinist. Einstein later said that music first stimulated his fascination with mathematics. In 1900 Einstein graduated from the Swiss Polytechnic Academy in Zьrich, Switzerland and became a Swiss citizen. A short time later he married and got a job at the Swiss Patent Office Einstein published his famous scientific papers in 1905. Einstein’s astonishing theories earned him respect from the scientific community. He won teaching positions at European universities, first at Prague, then Zurich, and finally at Berlin in 1914. During this time Einstein was separated from his wife and family by the outbreak of war. The separation led to the couple’s divorce. After the war Einstein married his cousin Elsa. She remained with him until her death in 1936. From the end of World War I through the rest of his life, Einstein was drawn more and more into theoretical physics. At the same time, he became more and more a public figure and citizen of the world. Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955. People throughout the world mourned his passing. Einstein had made unequaled contributions to human understanding of the universe. Scientists and thinkers agreed that he was one of the greatest scientists of all time.

XIII. Put questions to the following statements.

1. In this paper, Einstein explained the apparently random motion of tiny particles in a liquid.

2. Albert Einstein was born in southern Germany in 1879.

3. Einstein published his famous scientific papers in 1905.

UNIT 24

I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn.

beyond, a frontier, to move, a size, to include, to measure, to

give birth, to expand, to give out (light), to reveal, wavelength, red

shift, the Big Bang Theory, origin, to come into existence, explo-

sion, evidence

II. Read the text. Use a dictionary, if necessary.

TEXT: «THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE»

When Pluto was discovered in 1930; scientists already knew a lot about the stars beyond our own solar system. But now the frontiers of our knowledge have moved into deepest space. As this has happened, we have had to develop new ways of seeing and thinking. Here are two examples of what we think we understand. The size of the universe. All space with everything in it, including all stars, is called the universe. If we measure space distances by light years instead of earth years, the universe still seems too large to understand. A light year is the distance light travels in a year. Light travels at 186,000 miles per second (300,000 kilometres per second).

What does the last enormous number in the table really mean to us?

a) The light we now see, through a twentieth century telescope, started its journey toward us 15,000 million years ago.

b) The light started toward us billions of earth years before the sun or the earth had even started to form.

c) If the light has taken so long to reach us, then the stars that gave out that light have had 15,000 million years to change. They may have moved elsewhere, died, or given birth to new kinds of stars. What we now see has not been there for billions of earth years.

d) We are looking back in time to the very beginning of the universe itself.

The expanding universe. All objects, including stars that give out light reveal facts about themselves in the kind of light they give out. The whole range of energy that can be given out is shown in the diagram

below. Only a small part of it is visible light. In the 1920s, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble began to measure the spectrum of distant galaxies. He discovered that the farther away the galaxy was, the longer were the wavelengths of red light. He realized he was experiencing something common to everyday life. When we hear a siren or horn, its noise changes as it moves toward or away from us. This is called the Doppler effect. It is caused by the wavelengths of sound being shortened as the horn moves nearer and stretched out as it moves away.Hubble realized this was exactly what was happening with the light from the galaxies. But all the red light showed was lengthening; none showed shortening. Therefore, all the galaxies are moving away from us. From the amount of red shift, he could also tell how quickly they were moving away. His conclusion was that the farther away the galaxy was, the faster it was moving away. This led to two important theories becoming widely accepted.

1. The universe is expanding, and space is being stretched apart between the galaxies.

2. The Big Bang Theory. As the theory of the expanding universe has been accepted, two important questions have been asked:

a) How long has the universe been expanding?

b) What was it like when it started to expand?

These questions led to the Big Bang Theory, which states that all the universe we can see had a single point of origin about 15,000 million years ago. It suddenly came into existence in a gigantic explosion. Thiswas when everything began, and the «fragments» are still moving apart. It is only a theory, but there is much evidence to support it.

III. Define by suffix speech parts of the following words. Translate the words.

Solar, knowledge, galaxy, visible, detect, enormously, century, small,

really, astronomer, spectrum, distant, wavelength, common, shorten,

exactly, amount, quickly, conclusion, expand, widely, single, existence,

suddenly, explosion, evidence.

IV. Find the sentences that can’t be found in the text.

1. When Pluto was discovered, scientists knew little about the stars beyond our own solar system.

2. If we measure space distances by light years instead of earth years, the universe still seems too large to understand.

3. Light travels at 300,000 kilometers per second.

4. The farthest star from the Earth is Proxima Centauri.

5. The light started its journey toward us 15,000 million years ago.

6. All objects that give out light reveal facts about themselves in the kind of light they give out.

7. The Doppler effect happens, for example, when we hear a siren or horn and its noise changes as it moves toward or away from us.