I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn


IX. Analyze the structure of the sentences



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Physics


IX. Analyze the structure of the sentences.

1. If an object is held in equilibrium by two forces, and the extra

force resulting from slightly moving the object from its equilibrium po-

sition is directly proportional to the distance moved, then the object

oscillates regularly in simple harmonic motion.

2. Multiplying the velocity of an object by its mass gives us anoth-

er vector quantity – momentum.

3. Newton’s second law goes a stage further to describe how an

object behaves when a force does act on it.

X. Fill in the missing words.

1. ________ is the study of the ways in which objects behave when they are acted on by forces.

2. Such forces are all around us – for example, the ________ force acting on a falling object, the _________ ____ that offsets the full effect of gravity on it, and the ________ force.

3. In _______ _______ an object moves in a straight line.

4. For an understanding of dynamics, it is necessary to have a knowledge of _____ which is the study of motion alone.

5. The most basic concept in kinematics is that of the ________ of a particle.

6. Such a quantity in which both ______ and ________ are specified, is called a vector.

7. ________ the velocity of an object by its mass gives us another vector quantity – ________.

8. When the velocity of an object changes, it either _______ or _______.

9. The fundamental problem of dynamics is ________ the motion of an object acted on by forces.

10. The three basic laws ________ this behaviour are called laws of motion.

11. Newton’s first law of motion _____ that an object will remain at rest or will continue to move ________ in a straight line at a constant velocity.

12. Newton’s second law states that the rate change momentum an object is proportional ______ the force acting ______ it.

13. Newton’s third law _______ motion concerns the interaction _____ forces produced ________ objects.

14. This is the principle ________ action and reaction.



XI. Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1. Dynamics is the study ___ the ways ___ which objects behave when they are acted ___ ___ forces.

2. The air resistance offsets the full effect ___ gravity ___ a falling object.

3. There are different types ___ motion produced ___ the forces.

4. If an object is held ___ equilibrium ___ two forces, the extra force is directly proportional ___ the distance moved.

5. ___ an understanding ___ dynamics, it is necessary to have a knowledge ___ kinematics.

6. Kinematics is the study ___ motion alone, ___ taking into account what causes the motion.

7. The velocity ___ the particle is the rate ___ change ___ the displacement ___ time.

8. Multiplying the velocity ___ an object ___ its mass gives us momentum.

9. Acceleration can vary ___ time.

10. Newton formulated his laws ___ motion ___ the seventeenth century, ___ ___ the law ___ universal gravitation.

11. ___ getting ___ ___ the boat, the person exerts a force ___ it.

12. So the boat is pushed ___ the other direction.

XII. Define whether the sentences are true or false.

1. Dynamics is the study of the ways in which objects behave when they are acted on by forces.

2. There are many different types of forces but there are only two types of motion produced by those forces.

3. Linear motion is produced when an object is acted on by a force that originates from a central point.

4. Such a quantity, in which both magnitude and direction are specified is called a vector.

5. The velocity of the particle is defined as the rate of change of the displacement with temperature.

6. Multiplying the velocity of an object by its mass gives us another vector quantity – momentum.

7. The first law of motion states that an object will remain at rest or will continue to move uniformly in a straight line at variable velocity unless acted on by a force.

8. The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the force acting on it.

9. The third law states that if one object exerts a force on another, that second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.



XIII. Practice with someone asking and answering.

1. What is dynamics?

2. What are the forces that act on objects?

3. Are there many different types of motion produced by the forces?

4. What happens in linear motion?

5. When is circular motion produced?

6. What is kinematics?

7. What is the most basic concept in kinematics?

8. What is the displacement of a particle?

9. What is called «a vector»?

10. What quantity is called «a scalar»?

11. What gives us momentum?

12. What happens when the velocity of an object changes?

13. What is the fundamental problem of dynamics?

14. How are the three basic laws of dynamics called?

15. What does Newton’s first law of motion state?

16. What does Newton’s second law describe?

17. What does Newton’s third law of motion concern?



XIV. Put questions to the following sentences.

1. Air resistance offsets the full effect of gravity on a falling object.

2. An object is held in equilibrium by two forces.

3. Newton formulated his laws of motion in the seventeenth century.



XV. Dictate the following sentences in English to your fellow-students. Check them together.

1. Dynamics is the study of the ways in which objects behave when they are acted on by forces.

2. For an understanding of dynamics, it is necessary to have a knowledge of kinematics.

3. The most basic concept in kinematics is that of the displacement of a particle.

4. The three basic laws governing the behaviour of objects are called Newton’s laws of motion.

UNIT 9

I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn.

heat, sound, radiant energy, nuclear energy, by virtue of, to equal,

to increase, to reduce, translational, rotational, to revolve, X – rays,

elastic, pressure, medium, to split apart, nuclear fission, fusion, lon-



gitudinal, transverse, wavelength

II. Read the text. Use a dictionary, if necessary.

TEXT: «ENERGY»

Energy can be defined as the ability to do work. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy (light, for example), and electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. Kinetic energy is possessed by a moving object by virtue of its motion. It equals the work done to accelerate the object to a particular velocity; it also equals the work done to bring a moving object to rest. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translational and rotational. The first is possessed by an object moving from one position to another. The second is possessed by rotating objects, which revolve about an axis and therefore periodically return to the same position. An object has potential energy by virtue of its position. Two common types are gravitational and elastic potential energy. An object possesses heat, or thermal, energy by virtue of its temperature. It is, in fact, merely a form of kinetic energy, because the temperature of a substance depends on the motion of its component atoms or molecules; the higher its temperature, the faster the molecules move. Radiant energy consists of electromagnetic radiation and includes radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and X-rays. The only form of energy that can exist in the absence of matter, it consists of a wave motion in electric and magnetic fields. Radiant energy is emitted when electrons within atoms fall from a higher to a lower energy level and release the «excess» energy as radiation. Sound energy consists of moving waves of pressure in a medium such as air, water, or metal. They consist of vibrations in the molecules of the medium. Matter that has gained or lost some electric charge has electrical energy. The movement of charges constitutes an electric current, which flows between two objects at different potentials when they are joined by a conductor. Chemical energy is possessed by substances that undergo a chemical reaction, such as combustion. It is stored in the chemical bonds between the atoms that make up the molecules of a substance. Nuclear energy is produced when the nuclei of atoms change, either by splitting apart or joining together. The splitting process is known as nuclear fission, the joining together as nuclear fusion. Such changes can be accompanied by the release of enormous amounts of energy in the form of heat, light, and radioactivity (the emission of atomic particles or gamma radiation, or both). When an object loses or gains one type of energy, another kind is correspondingly gained or lost. The total amount of energy, possessed by an object, remains the same. This phenomenon is the principle of conservation of energy, which states, that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only converted into other forms. If mass and energy are considered together, the total amount of mass and energy remains the same. Consequently the principle of mass conservation has been modified into what is called the principle of conservation of mass energy. The Theory of Relativity shows that mass and energy can be considered to be totally interconvertible, and the amount of energy produced, when matter is destroyed, is given by the well-known equation E = mc2 (E is the energy released, m is the mass destroyed, and c is the velocity of light). The transmission of energy. Energy is often transmitted by wave motions, and for this reason the study of waves is of crucial importance in physics – from the wave mechanics of the atom to the study of gravitational waves produced by black holes. In general, a travelling wave is the movement of a disturbance from a source, and energy is transported as the disturbance moves outwards. If the disturbance produced is parallel to the direction of energy travel, the wave is said to be longitudinal; sound waves are of this type. If the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of energy travel – as in electromagnetic radiation and waves on the surface of water – then the wave is transverse. Four properties of a wave can be distinguished and described mathematically: wavelength, frequency, velocity, and amplitude.

III. Find a noun in each line and translate it. Translate also the underlined words.

a) Electric, heat, consist, undergo, transverse;

b) Frequency, normal, consequently, include, modify;

c) Interconvertible, possess, thermal, wavelength, define;

d) Longitudinal, mathematically, outwards, multiply, equation;

e) Disturbance, abnormal, merely, emit, enormous;

f) Accelerate, particular, rotational, axis, invisible;

g) Translation, revolve, periodically, uncommon, conductor.



IV. Practice the following speech patterns.

Pattern 1. Energy is defined as the ability to do work.

1. electron – a point electric change

2. plasma – the fourth state of matter

3. force – an agent that is capable of altering the state of rest or motion of an object

4. mass – the resistance of an object to any change of its state by the action of a force.

5. gravity – a force of the mutual attraction between objects that have mass

Pattern 2. Physicists classify energy into several types:

kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant, electrical, chemical and nuclear energy.

1. physical science into several fields: mechanics, sound, heat, electricity, etc.

2. particles into several types: electrons, protons, neutrons, etc.

3. states of matter into several types: solid, liquid, gas, plasma

4. solids into two types: «true» and amorphous

5. substances in solution into two types: crystalloids and colloids

6. motion into different types: linear, circular and simple harmonic motion

Pattern 3. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translation and rotational.

1. the two branches of physics – experimental and theoretical physics

2. the four states of matter – solid, gas, liquid and plasma

3. the three principal types of forces – gravitational, friction and

viscous forces

4. the two principal types of substances in solution – colloids and

crystalloids

5. the two types of solids – «true» and amorphous

Pattern 4. Kinetic energy is possessed by an object by virtue of its motion.

1. translational energy – its motion from one position to another

2. rotational energy – its revolution about an axis

3. potential energy – its position

4. heat energy – its temperature

5. electrical energy – its gaining or losing some electric charge

6. chemical energy – the chemical reaction

Pattern 5. The study of waves is of crucial importance in physics.

1. gravity

2. particles

3. energy

4. states of matter

5. unusual states of matter

6. solids

7. liquids

8. gasses

V. Find the sentences that can’t be found in the text.

1. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy and electrical, chemical and nuclear energy.

2. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translation and rotational.

3. Elastic potential energy is gained as work is done to stretch or compress an elastic object such as a spring.

4. Sound can be considered as a special form of kinetic energy.

5. The total amount of energy possessed by an object remains the same.

6. A whole series of similar energy conversions accompanies every production of work.

7. Energy is often transmitted by wave motions, and for this reason the study of waves is of crucial importance in physics.

VII. Find Uzbek equivalents to the following expressions in the text.

1. the ability to do work ___________________________________

2. to classify energy ______________________________________

3. by virtue of its motion __________________________________

4. to accelerate the object to a particular velocity _______________

5. the temperature depends on the motion _____________________

6. ultraviolet radiation ____________________________________

7. moving waves of pressure _______________________________

8. visible light __________________________________________

9. the movement of charges ________________________________

10. nuclear fission _______________________________________

11. nuclear fusion _______________________________________

12. the emission of atomic particles _________________________

13. the resulting motion __________________________________

14. the movement of a disturbance from a source _______________

15. neither ...nor ________________________________________

16. either ... or __________________________________________

17. the wave is said to be longitudinal ________________________

18. the wave is transverse _________________________________

VIII. Fill in the missing words.

1. Energy can be defined as the _____ to do work.

2. Kinetic energy is possessed by a _____ object by virtue of its motion.

3. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as _____ and _____.

4. Radiant energy is ______ when electrons within atoms fall from a

higher to a lower energy level and ______ the «excess» energy as radiation.

5. Sound energy consists of moving waves of ______ in a medium such as air, water, or metal.

6. The movement of charges constitutes an ______ ______, which flows between two objects at different potentials when they are joined by a ______.

7. The splitting process is known as nuclear _____, the joining together as nuclear _______.

8. In general a travelling wave is the movement of a ______ from a source and energy is transported as the disturbance moves ______.



IX. Fill in the prepositions, if necessary.

1. Physicists classify energy ___ several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy, and electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.

2. Kinetic energy is possessed ___ a moving object ___ virtue ___ its motion.

3. The temperature ___ a substance depends ___ the motion ___ its component atoms or molecules.

4. Sound energy consists ____ moving waves ___ pressure ___ a medium such as air, water, or metal.

5. The movement ___ charges constitutes an electric current,

which flows between two objects ___ different potentials when they are joined ___ a conductor.

6. Chemical energy is possessed ___ substance that undergo ___ a chemical reaction, such as combustion.

7. Such changes can be accompanied ___ the release ___ enormous amounts ___ energy ___ the form ___ heat, light, and radioactivity.

8. Energy is often transmitted ___ wave motion, and ___ this reason the study ___ waves is ___ crucial importance ___ physics.

9. ___ general, a travelling wave is the movement ___ a disturbance ___ a source.

10. If the disturbance produced is parallel ___ the direction ___ energy travel, the wave is said to be longitudinal; sound waves are ___ this type.



X. Define whether the sentences are true or false.

1. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translational and rotational.

2. An object has potential energy by virtue of its temperature.

3. Radiant energy is the only form of energy that can exist in the absence of matter.

4. Radiant energy is emitted when electrons within atoms rise from a lower to a higher energy level and release the «excess» energy as radiation.

5. Matter that has gained or lost some electric charge has sound energy.

6. Chemical energy is possessed by substances that undergo a chemical reaction, such as combustion.

7. The splitting process is known as nuclear fusion.

8. The total amount of energy possessed by an object remains the same.

9. Three properties of a wave can be distinguished and described mathematically: wavelength, frequency and velocity.



XI. Answer the question.

1. What is energy?

2. What types of energy do you know?

3. Is kinetic energy possessed by a moving object by virtue of its motion?

4. What forms have kinetic energy?

5. What are two common types of potential energy?

6. When is radiant energy emitted?

7. What does sound energy consist of?

8. When has matter electrical energy?

9. What energy is released in chemical reactions?

10. When is nuclear energy produced?

11. What phenomenon is called the principle of conservation of energy?

12. What does it state?

13. What does the Theory of Relativity show?

14. Why is the study of waves very important in physics?

15. Can any properties of a wave be distinguished and described mathematically?



XII. Put question to the following sentences.

1. Energy can be defined as the ability to do work. (General)

2. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy. (Special)

3. Kinetic energy equals the work done to accelerate the object to a particular velocity. (Disjunctive)

4. An object possesses heat, or thermal energy by virtue of its temperature. (Special)

5. The splitting process is known as nuclear fission. (Alternative)

6. The Theory of Relativity shows that mass and energy can be considered to be totally interconvertible. (Special)

7. A travelling wave is the movement of a disturbance from a source. (What ...)



XIII. Dictate the following sentences in English to your fellow-students. Check them together.

1. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy and electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.

2. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translational and rotational.

3. An object possesses heat, or thermal energy by virtue of its temperature.

4. Radiant energy consists of electromagnetic radiation and includes radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and X-rays.

5. Chemical energy is possessed by substances that undergo a chemical reaction, such as combustion.

6. The splitting process is known as nuclear fission, the joining together as nuclear fusion.

7. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only converted into other forms.

8. Four properties of a wave can be distinguished and described mathematically: wavelength, frequency, velocity and amplitude.

UNIT 10

I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn.

spectrum (spectra), wavelength, frequency, microwave, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, to comprise, apart from, visible, to be detected, application, to emit, a source of energy, a dual wave/particle nature, to traverse, to travel, to penetrate, transparent, current, cell, retina



II. Read the text. Use a dictionary, if necessary.

TEXT: «RADIANT ENERGY»

Energy may take various forms – sound, chemical, and electricalenergy, for example. One whole range of related forms is known as radiant energy or electromagnetic radiation. Together they make up the electromagnetic spectrum, whose various radiations are characterized by particular ranges of wavelengths and frequencies. At the long-wave length, low-frequency end of the spectrum are radio waves, followed by microwaves and infrared radiation. Then comes visible light and ultraviolet radiation, and the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies comprise X-rays and gamma-rays. Apart from light, all forms are invisible to the human eye, although many can be detected by electronic devices and special types of photographic film. Almost all have found practical applications: in radio communications and radar, infrared and microwave heating, photography and spectrographic analysis, and medical and industrial radiology. The most important forms of electromagnetic radiation are visible light and infrared radiation (both of which are emitted by the sun, our principal natural source of radiant energy). Without them, life would be impossible. Nature and properties of radiant energy. The various forms of radiant energy have many common characteristics, the most fundamental of which concerns their nature. They are all wave motion, consisting of varying electric and magnetic fields, but they can also be considered as being made up of «particles,» or quanta, of energy called photons. Radiant energy therefore has a dual wave/particle nature. In theory it is possible to explain all the effects and properties exhibited by radiant energy in terms of both wave motion and photons. But in practice it is usually more convenient to employ whichever of the two concepts explains a particular effect most easily. Another basic characteristic of electromagnetic radiation is the fact that it does not need a medium in which to travel, and so it can traverse the vast emptiness of space. But the various forms of radiation can also travel through other mediums: light travels through air, water, and glass, for example, and X-rays and gamma-rays can penetrate body tissues and even pass through metal; that is to say, even a metal is transparent» to X rays and gamma rays. In a vacuum, all forms of electromagnetic radiation travel at the same constant velocity – called the speed of light. In other transparent mediums, they travel more slowly, the velocity depending on the wave-length of the radiation and, generally, on the density of the medium. In other mediums, different wavelengths travel at slightly different velocities; the longer the wavelength, the faster the radiation travels. So in the case of visible light, red light travels faster than blue light in any particular transparent medium does. The various types of radiant energy have different wavelengths and frequencies. These two characteristics multiplied by the frequency are equal to the velocity. Because the velocity is constant in any particular medium, wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional to each other; the longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency is, and vice versa. Effects of radiant energy. Radiant energy can be detected only when it is absorbed and brings about an observable effect–usually by causing a physical or chemical change. Gamma-rays ionize certain gases when absorbed by their molecules. X-rays and visible light cause chemical changes in a photographic emulsion that darken it when it is developed. Ultraviolet radiation causes substances such as fluorite to fluoresce (emit light). Visible light stimulates the nerve cells in the retina of the eye, thereby making vision possible.

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