I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn

VI. Find Uzbek equivalents to the following expressions in the text.

1. beyond our own solar system ____________________________

2. the frontiers of our knowledge ____________________________

3. deepest space ________________________________________

4. space distances _______________________________________

5. too large to understand _________________________________

6. per second ___________________________________________

7. visible to the naked eye _________________________________

8. to detect other galaxies _________________________________

9. enormous number _____________________________________

10. toward us ___________________________________________

11. to give out light ______________________________________

12. to give birth to new stars _______________________________

13. the very beginning of the universe itself ___________________

14. the expanding universe ________________________________

15. to reveal facts _______________________________________

16. red shift ___________________________________________

17. a single point of origin _________________________________

18. a gigantic explosion __________________________________

VII. Fill in the missing words.

1. All space with everything in it, including all stars, is called the ______.

2. A light year is the distance ______ travels in a ______.

3. The light started toward us billions of ______ years before the sun or the earth had even started to ______.

4. In the 1920s, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble began to ______ the spectrum of distant ______.

5. He discovered that the farther away the galaxy was, the ______ were the wavelengths of ______ light.

6. The Doppler effect is caused by the wavelengths of ______ being shortened as the horn moves nearer and stretched out as it moves ______.

7. From the amount of red ______, Hubble could tell how quickly the galaxies were moving away.

8. It is only a theory, but there is much ______ to support it.

VIII. Fill in the prepositions, if necessary.

1. When Pluto was discovered ___ 1930; scientists already knew a lot ___ the stars beyond our own solar system.

2. Light travels ___ 186,000 miles ___ second.

3. Our galaxy is 100,000 light years ___ and contains ___ 100,000 million stars.

4. The light we now see, ___ a twentieth century telescope, started ___ its journey ___ us 15,000 million years ago.

5. If the light has taken so long to reach us, then the stars that gave ___ that light have had 15,000 million years to change ___.

6. Hubble discovered that the farther ___ galaxy was, the longer were the wavelengths ___ red light.

7. When we hear a siren or horn, its noise changes ___ it moves toward or away ___ us.

8. All the galaxies are moving ___ from us.

9. The Big Bang Theory states that all the universe we can see ___ had a single point ___ origin about 15,000 million years ago.

10. It is only a theory, ___ there is much evidence to support it.

IX. Practice with someone asking and answering.

1. What is called the universe?

2. How do we measure space distances?

3. What is a light year?

4. At what speed does light travel?

5. When did the light we now see start its journey toward us?

6. Did the light start toward us billions of earth years before the sun or the earth had even started to form?

7. In what way do all objects, including starts, reveal facts about themselves?

8. Is all light, that stars give out, visible?

9. When did the American astronomer Edwin Hubble begin to measure the spectrum of distant galaxies?

10. What did he discover?

11. What is called the Doppler effect?

12. By what is the Doppler effect caused?

13. What does the Big Bang Theory state?

X. Put questions to the following statements.

1. Light travels at 186,000 miles per second.

2. He realized he was experiencing something common to every day life.

3. Space is being stretched apart between galaxies.

XI. Translate in Uzbek without using a dictionary.

The Big Bang Theory Astronomers believe that the expanding universe is the result of an enormous and powerful explosion called the Big Bang. The Big Bang theory may explain how the universe formed. The Big Bang theory states that the universe began to expand with the explosion of concentrated matter and energy and has been expanding ever since. According to the theory, all the matter and energy in the universe was once concentrated into a single place. This place, of course, was extremely hot and dense. Then some 15 to 20 billion years ago, an explosion – the Big Bang – shot the concentrated matter and energy in all directions. The fastest moving matter traveled farthest away. Energy too, began moving away from the area of the Big Bang. If the Big Bang theory is correct, the energy left from the Big Bang will be evenly spread out throughout the universe. This energy is known as background radiation. And indeed, scientists have discovered that the background tradiation is almost the same throughout the entire universe. This constant background radiation is one observation that supports the Big Bang theory. After the initial Big Bang, the force of gravity began to affect the matter racing outward in every direction. Gravity is a force of attraction between objects. All objects have a gravitational attraction. This force of gravity began to pull matter into clumps. At some time, the clumps formed huge clusters of matter. These clumps became the galaxies of the universe. But even as the galaxies were forming, the matter inside the galaxies continued to race away from the area where the Big Bang had occurred. And this is just what astronomers have discovered. All of the galaxies are speeding away from the center of the universe.

XII. Dictate the following statements in English to your fellow-students.

1. All space with everything in it is called the universe.

2. A light year is the distance light travels in a year.

3. The light we now see started its journey toward us 15,000 million years ago.

4. All objects that give out light reveal facts about themselves in the kind of light they give out.

5. He discovered that the farther away the galaxy was, the longer were the wavelengths of red light.

6. All the galaxies are moving away from us.

7. It suddenly came into existence in a gigantic explosion.

UNIT 25

I. Find out the words in the dictionary. Write them down and learn.

awkward, from early on, actually, scholarship, noticeable, to

pursue a degree, to be intrigued, space-time singularities, to break

down, to apply, by means of, to escape, tremendous force, to emit, to

evaporate, physical evidence, Grand Unified Theory, constant tran-

sition, to explore, string theory

II. Read the text. Use a dictionary, if necessary.

TEXT: «STEPHEN HAWKING»

Stephen Hawking was born on the 300 th anniversary of Galileo’s death. He has come to be thought of as the greatest mind in physics since Albert Einstein. Hawking grew up outside London in an intellectual family. His father was a physician and specialist in tropical diseases; his mother was active in the Liberal Party. He was an awkward schoolboy, but knew from early on that he wanted to study science. He became increasingly skilled in mathematics and in 1958 he and some friends built a primitive computer that actually worked. In 1959 he won a scholarship to Oxford University, where his intellectual capabilities became more noticeable. In 1962 he got his degree with honors and went to Cambridge University to pursue a PhD in cosmology. There he became intrigued with black holes (first proposed by Robert Oppenheimer) and «space-time singularities,» or events in which the laws of physics seem to break down. After receiving his PhD, he stayed at Cambridge, becoming known even in his 20s for his pioneering ideas and use of Einstein’s formulas. In 1968 he joined the staff of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge and began to apply the laws of thermodynamics to black holes by means of very complicated mathematics. Hawking’s best-known work is on the nature of black holes, a phenomenon suggested by Einstein’s equations describing what might happen should a huge star die. He proposes it would crush into its own center with such strong gravitational force, that nothing could escape, not even light. Introducing his own theoretical modifications, Hawking posits the existence of mini-black holes. Created by the tremendous force of the Big Bang, these mini black holes would not only emit sub-atomic particles and radiation (now 153 called Hawking radiation), but would gradually evaporate over the space of 10 66 years, only to explode with the energy of millions of hydrogen bombs. At the same time, Hawking is the first to admit that there is as yet no physical evidence that black holes actually exist. He continued working on the theory of the origin of the universe, and in doing so found ways to link relativity (gravity) with quantum mechanics (the inner workings of atoms). This contributed enormously to what physicists call Grand Unified Theory, a way of explaining, in one equation, all physical matter in the universe. At the remarkably young age of 32, he was named a fellow of the

Royal Society. He received the Albert Einstein Award, the most prestigious in theoretical physics. And in 1979, he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, a post once occupied by Sir Isaac Newton. There he began to question the big theory, which by then most had accepted. Perhaps, he suggested, there was never a start and would be no end, but just change – constant transition of one «universe» giving way to another through glitches in space-time. All the while, he was digging into exploring black holes, string theory, and the birth of black holes in our own galaxy. In 1988 Hawking published A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. He hoped the book would help non-scientists understand theories of nature, from the big bang to black holes. It became a best-seller of long standing and established his reputation as an accessible genius. He wrote other popular articles and appeared in movies and television. He remains extremely busy, his work hardly slowed by Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotriphic lateral sclerosis, an incurable disease of the nervous system that affects muscle control) for which he uses a wheelchair and speaks through a computer and voice synthesizer. His movement is limited to a barely perceptible lifting of one finger and very little facial expression. «My goal is simple. It is complete understanding of the universe, why it is as it is and why it exists at all».

III. Translate the following words paying attention to their prefixes and suffixes.

Anniversary, physician, awkward, increasingly, scholarship, notice-

able, pursue, singularity, apply, phenomenon, equation, gravitational,

modification, posit, tremendous, sub-atomic, gradually, evidence, remark-

ably, prestigious, occupy, transition, galaxy, brief, non-scientists, acces-

sible, extremely, incurable, affect, perceptible, facial, exist.

V. Find Uzbek equivalents to the following expressions in the text.

1. the greatest mind ______________________________________

2. knew from early on ____________________________________

3. intellectual capabilities ________________________________

4. with honors _________________________________________

5. to pursue a degree _____________________________________

6. to become intrigued ___________________________________

7. black holes __________________________________________

8. to break down ________________________________________

9. very complicated mathematics __________________________

10. a huge star __________________________________________

11. to escape ___________________________________________

12. to emit sub-atomic particles ____________________________

13. the origin of the universe _______________________________

14. Grand Unified Theory ________________________________

15. through glitches in space-time ___________________________

16. to dig into exploring __________________________________

17. a best-seller of long standing ___________________________

18. an accessible genius __________________________________

VI. Fill in the missing words.

1. He was an _______ schoolboy, but knew from early on that he wanted to study _______.

2. In 1959 he won a _______ to Oxford University, where his intellectual _______ became more noticeable.

3. «Space-time singularities» are _______ in which the laws of _______ seem to break down.

4. Hawking’s best known work is on the nature of black _______, a phenomenon suggested by Einstein’s _______.

5. He proposes it would crush into its own _______ with such strong gravitational _______, that nothing could escape, not even _______.

6. Hawking is the first to _______ that there is as yet no physical _______ that black holes actually exist.

7. Grand Unified Theory, as physicists call, is a way of explaining in one _______ all physical matter in the _______.

8. He suggested that there was never a start and would be no _______, but just _______.

9. All the while, he was digging into exploring black holes, _______ theory, and the birth of black holes in our own _______.

10. In 1988 Hawking published «A Brief History of _______: From the Big _______ to Black Holes».

VII. Fill in the prepositions, if necessary.

1. He became increasingly skilled ___ mathematics and ___ 1958 he and his friends built a primitive computer.

2. In1962 he got his degree ___ honors and went to Cambridge University to pursue ___ a PhD ___ cosmology.

3. He began to apply ___ the laws of thermodynamics ___ black holes ___ means of very complicated mathematics.

4. He continued working ___ the theory ___ the origin of the universe, and in doing so found ways to link ___ relativity ___ quantum mechanics.

5. In 1979 Hawking was appointed ___ Lucasian Professor of Mathematics ___ Cambridge, a post once occupied ___ Sir Isaac Newton.

6. All the while, he was digging ___ exploring black holes, string theory, and the birth ___ black holes ___ our own galaxy.

7. He hoped the book would help non-scientists understand theories ___ nature, ___ the big bang ___ black holes.

8. It became a best-seller ___ long standing and established his reputation ___ an accessible genius.

9. His movement is limited ___ a barely perceptible lifting ___ one finger and very little facial expression.

VIII. Define whether the statements are true or false.

1. Hawking grew up outside London in the working surrounding, in a not highly intellectual family.

2. Hawking disliked studying science from his early years.

3. In 1958 he and some of his friends built a primitive computer; even though it didn’t work it was a great success for the boys.

4. «Space-time singularities» are events in which the laws of physics seem to break down.

5. Introducing his own theoretical modifications, Hawking posits the existence of mini-black holes.

6. At the same time, Hawking is the first to admit that there is physical evidence that black holes actually exist.

IX. Practice with someone asking and answering.

1. When was Stephen Hawking born?

2. Where did he grow up?

3. What were his parents?

4. When did he decide to study science?

5. What field of knowledge did he specialize in?

6. What is Hawking’s best-known work?

7. What would happen should a huge star die, according to Hawking?

8. What does Hawking posit, introducing his own theoretical modifications?

9. Is there any physical evidence that black holes actually exist?

10. What theory did he also continue working on?

11. What will Grand Unified Theory explain?

12. What did he explore besides Grand Unified Theory?

13. When did he publish his book A Brief History of Time?

14. What is the goal of his research?

X. Put questions to the following statements.

1. In 1968 he joined the staff of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge.

2. At the remarkable young age of 32, he was named a fellow of the Royal Society.

3. He uses a wheelchair and speaks through a computer and voice synthesizer.

XI. Translate the following text without using a dictionary.

There is a man driving around in a motorized wheelchair in Cambridge, England. He can only move his eyes and two fingers on his lefthand. He communicates through a computer. He types words on the computer and the computer speaks for him. This man is Stephan Hawking. During his studies at the University of Cambridge doctors discovered that he suffered from ALS, which is sometimes called Lou Gehrig’s disease. This fatal disease weakens all of the body’s muscles. Although Hawking had become more severely paralyzed, he became a professor at Cambridge. Later his disease had gotten much worse. His youngest son (he had three children, two boys and a girl) has never heard his father’s real voice. He has only heard the voice from the computer. As his disease got worse, money became a problem for Stephen Hawking. He had a lot of medical expenses. He needed special wheelchairs, nurses 24 hours a day, and machines to help him read and speak. To earn extra money, Hawking gave speeches and published articles. Then someone told him to write a book that explained the universe to ordinary people. Hawking agreed and wrote A Brief History of Time. The book sold over 8 million copies worldwide, and Hawking became a millionaire. Hawking’s strong personality and spirit have helped him to live with ALS for over 30 years. He has helped to make people aware of ALS and other disabilities. Hawking teaches us that even though a person is physically disabled, the mind has no limits.

XII. Dictate the following statements in English to your fellow-students.

1. Stephen Hawking became the greatest mind in physics since Albert Einstein.

2. He got his degree with honors and went to Cambridge University to pursue a PhD in cosmology.

3. Hawking began to apply the laws of thermodynamics to black holes by means of very complicated mathematics.

4. Hawking posits the existence of mini-black holes.

5. He continued working on the theory of the origin of the universe.

6. He also found ways to link relativity with quantum mechanics.

7. Grand Unified Theory is a way of explaining in one equation all physical matter in the universe.