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I. 5. Moddalar tarkibidagi elementlar valentligini aniqlash
N2O – azot(I)-oksid, NO- azot(II)-oksid, NO2- azot(IV)-oksid, N2O3 – azot(III)-oksid, N2O5 – azot(V)-oksid, FeO- temir (II)-oksid, Fe2O3 - temir (III)-oksid, Fe3O4 - temir qo’shoksid, H2Cr2O7 – bixromat k, H2CrO4- xromat kislota, H3PO4 – ortofosfat k-ta, H3PO3- fosfit kislota, HPO3- metafosfat k, H4P2O7-pirofosfat k, Cr(OH)2- xrom (II)-gidroksid, Cr(OH)3- xrom(III)- gidroksid, Fe(OH)2- temir (II) gidroksid, Fe(OH)3- temir(III)- gidroksid, NaHCO3- natriy gidrokarbonat (ichimlik soda), CuSO4- mis(II)-sulfat, KMnO4- kaliy permanganate, K2Cr2O7- kaliy bixromat, (NH4)2Cr2O7- ammoniy bixromat
I.6. Valentlik yordamida formula tuzish. Oksid, asos, kislota, tuz
Moddalarning grafik (struktura) formulalarini tuzish.
ZnO, CrO, Cr2O3, CrO3, Li2O, Na2O, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cu2O, CuO, Ag2O, BaO, Be(OH)2, NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, KOH, Ca(OH)2, RbOH, Sr(OH)2, CsOH, CuOH, Cu(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Sn(OH)4, Pb(OH)2, Pb(OH)4, Cr(OH)3, Na2S, K2S, MgS, CaS, Al2S3, Na2SO3, K2SO3, MgSO3, CaSO3, Al2(SO3)2, CuSO3, BaSO3, NaNO2, KNO2, Mg(NO2)2, Al(NO2)3, Na3PO4, K3PO4, Mg3(PO4)2, Ca3(PO4)2, NaClO4, KClO4, Mg(Cl
O4)2, NaClO2, KClO2, Ca(ClO2)2, Na2SiO3, K2SiO3
I.7. Kimyoviy tenglamalar va ularga koeffissiyentlar tanlash.
Na+O2→ Na2O K+O2→K2O
C+O2→CO Cu+O2→ CuO
Al+O2→Al2O3 P+O2→P2O3
P+O2→P2O5 NH3 + O2 → NO +H2O
CH4 +O2 → C
O2 + H2O PH3 +O2 → P2O5 + H2O
SiH4 + O2 → SiO2 + H2O CrO+O2→ Cr2O3
SO2+O2→ SO3 Fe(OH)3→ Fe2O3 + H2O
Cr(OH)3→ Cr2O3 + H2O H3AlO3 Al2O3 + H2O
H3CrO3→ Cr2O3 + H2O P2O5 + H2O → H3PO4
Cl2O + H2O → HClO Cl2O3 + H2O → HClO2
Cl2O5 + H2O → HClO3 Cl2O7 + H2O → HClO4
Cl2O7 + NaOH → NaClO4+ H2O SO3 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + H2O
N2O5 + NaOH → NaNO3+ H2O P2O5 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + H2O
Na2O+H2O→ NaOH K2O+ H2O→ KOH
Na2O+HCl→ NaCl + H2O CaO+ HCl → CaCl2 + H2O
Na2O+H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + H2O Na2O+HNO3→ NaNO3 + H2O
CaO+ HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O Na2O+P2O5→ Na3PO4
CaO+ P2O5→ Ca3(PO4)2 Al2O3 +HCl → AlCl3 + H2O
Al2O3 + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2O Na + H2O → NaOH +H2
HCl + Na2S → NaCl + H2S K + H2O → KOH +H2
Mg + H2O → Mg(OH)2 +H2 Ca + H2O → Ca(OH)2 +H2
Na2O + H2O → NaOH MgH2 + H2O → Mg(OH)2 +H2
CaH2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 +H2 CuSO4 + KOH → Cu(OH)2+ K2SO4
MnCl2 + KOH → Mn(OH)2 +KCl Fe(NO3)2 + KOH → Fe(OH)2 + KNO3
CrBr2 + KOH → Cr(OH)2 + KBr Al(NO3) + KOH → Al(OH)3 + KNO3
Ba(OH)2 +HCl → BaCl2 + H2O N2O5 + H2O → HNO3
SO2 + KOH → K2SO3 + H2O CO2 + KOH → K2CO3 + H2O
P2O5 + KOH → K3PO4 + H2O Cl2O + KOH → KClO + H2O
Cl2O3 + KOH → KClO2 + H2O Cl2O5 + NaOH → NaClO3+ H2O
H2 + Cl2 → HCl NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 +HCl
FeCl2 + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + HCl Al2S3 + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 +H2S
FeS + HCl → FeCl2 + H2S Na2S + HCl → NaCl + H2S
Al2S3 + HCl → AlCl3 + H2S Na2SiO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2SiO3
Al + HCl → ACl3 + H2 Cu(OH)2 + HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
Cr(OH)2 + HCl → CrCl2 + H2O Fe(OH)3 + HCl → FeCl3 + H2O
Cr(OH)3 + HCl → CrCl3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
Fe(OH)3 + HNO3 → Fe(NO3)3 + H2O H2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 + HNO3
H3PO4 + CaCl2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + HCl HCl + Na2CO3 → NaCl +H2O + CO2
I. 8. Kimyoviy reaksiyalarlarning turlari
Birikish reaksiyalari
Oddiy moddalarning o’zaro birikishi
Na2O, CaS, CO, Na 2S, CO 2, CuCl 2, P 2O 3, ZnCl 2, SO 2, CaCl 2, CaO, NH 3, HCl, HJ, HBr, H 2S, HF, SiO 2, MgO, SnCl 2, P 2O 5, AlCl 3, Al 2O 3, CuO, FeCl 3, K 2O, NaCl, CuS, Cr 2S 3;
Na + O2 → Na2O K + O2 →
CII + O2 → CuII + O2 →
CIV + O2 → Al + O2 →
PIII + O2 → PV + O2 →
SIV + O2 → Mg + O2 →
Ca + O2 → SiIV + O2 →
H2+Cl2→ H2+S→
H2+Br2→ H2+I2→
H2+F2→ H2+N2→
SnII+Cl2→ Ca+Cl2→
Al+Cl2→ Zn+Cl2→
FeIII+Cl2→ CuII+Cl2→
Na+Cl2→ Na+S→
CrIII+S→ Ca+S→
Cu+S→
Asosli oksidlarga suvning ta’siri
NaOH, Ba(OH) 2, RbOH, Mg(OH) 2, Ca(OH) 2, KOH;
Na2O + H2O → NaOH K2O + H2O →
Rb2O + H2O → MgO + H2O →
CaO + H2O →
BaO + H2O →
Kislotali oksidlarga suvning ta’siri
H3BO3, HBrO4, HNO2, HBrO3, N2O5, H3AsO4, H3PO4, HClO3, H2SO4, HClO, HClO2, H2SO3, HClO4, H3PO3, HBrO, HNO2+HNO3, HBrO3, H2CO3;
B2O3 + H2O → H3BO3 CO2+ H2O →
N2O3+ H2O → NO2 + H2O →
N2O5 + H2O → P2O3 + H2O →
P2O5 + H2O → SO2 + H2O →
SO3 + H2O → Cl2O + H2O →
Cl2O3 + H2O → Cl2O5 + H2O →
Cl2O7 + H2O → As2O3 + H2O →
Br2O + H2O → Br2O3 + H2O →
Br2O5 + H2O → Br2O7 + H2O →
Asosli oksidlarga kislotali oksidlarning ta’siri
Na3BO3, K 3PO 4, NaNO 2, NaNO 3, Ba 3(PO 3) 2, CaCO 3, CaSO 3, Mg(BrO 4) 2, NaClO, NaBrO 3, KClO 3, KBrO, Ca 3(AsO 4) 2, Mg(ClO 4) 2, Ba(BrO 2) 2, RbClO 2, Na 2SO 4;
B 2O 3 + Na 2O → Na 3BO 3 CO 2+ CaO → N 2O 3+ K 2O → P 2O 3 + BaO → P 2O 5 + K 2O → SO 2 + CaO → SO 3 + Na2O → Cl 2O + Na 2O → Cl 2O 3 + Rb 2O → Cl 2O 5 + K 2O → Cl 2O 7 + MgO → As 2O 3 + CaO → Br 2O + K 2O → Br 2O 3 + BaO → Br 2O 5 + Na2O → Br 2O 7 + MgO →
N 2O 5 + Na 2O →
O’rin olish reaksiyalari
Metal oksidlariga vodorodning ta’siri
FeO+H2→ Fe +H2O; CuO+H2→
Fe2O3+H2→ CrO+H2→
Cr2O3+H2→ ZnO+H2→
SnO+H2→ WO3+H2→
Metal oksidlariga is gazining ta’siri
FeO+CO→ Fe +CO2; CuO+CO→
Fe2O3+CO→ CrO+CO→
Cr2O3+CO→ ZnO+CO→
SnO+CO→ WO3+CO→
Metallarga kislotalarning ta’sri
Na+HCl→ NaCl +H2; Ca+HCl→
K+HCl→ Zn+HCl→
Fe+HCl→ Na+H2SO4→
Ca+H2SO4→ K+H2SO4→
Zn+H2SO4→ Fe+H2SO4→
Na+H2SO3→ Ca+H2SO3→
K+H2SO3→ Zn+H2SO3→
Fe+H2SO3→
NaHCO3→ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
KHCO3→
CaCO3→ CaO + CO2
MgCO3→
AgNO3→ Ag + NO2 + O2
Hg(NO3)2→
Cu(NO3)2→ CuO + NO2 + O2
Mg(NO3)2→
NaNO3→ NaNO2 + O2
KNO3→
CaSO3→CaO + SO2
BaSO3→
BeSO3→
Na2SO3→
Asoslarning parchalanishi
Fe2O3, Al2O3, FeO, ZnO, CuO,
MnO, Cr2O3, CrO;
Fe(OH)3→ Fe2O3 + H2O
Fe(OH)2→ … + H2O;
Cu(OH)2→ … + H2O
Cr(OH)3→ … + H2O;
Cr(OH)2→ … + H2O
Mn(OH)2→ …+ H2O;
Zn(OH)2→ … + H2O
Al(OH)3→
Kislotalarning parchalanishi
SO2, Cr2O3, SiO2, ZnO, CO2, Al2O3; H2SO3→ SO2 + H2O;
H2SiO3→…+ H2O
H2CO3→…+ H2O;
H3AlO3 …+ H2O
H2ZnO2→…+ H2O;
H3CrO3→…+ H2O
Almashinish reaksiyalari
Asoslar va kislotalarning o’zaro ta’siri
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
KOH+HCl→
Ba(OH)2+HCl→
Mg(OH)2+HCl→
Ca(OH)2+HCl→
Al(OH)3+HCl→
Cu(OH)2+HCl→
Fe(OH)3+HCl→
Fe(OH)2+HCl→
NaOH+H2SO4→ Na2SO4 + H2O
KOH+H2SO4→ Ba(OH)2+H2SO4→
Mg(OH)2+H2SO4→ Ca(OH)2+H2SO4→
Al(OH)3+H2SO4→ Cu(OH)2+H2SO4→
Fe(OH)3+H2SO4→ Fe(OH)2+H2SO4→
Zn(OH)2+H2SO4→
NaOH+HNO3→ NaNO3 + H2O
KOH +HNO3→ Ba(OH)2+HNO3→
Mg(OH)2+HNO3→ Ca(OH)2+HNO3→
Al(OH)3+HNO3→ Cu(OH)2+HNO3→
Fe(OH)3+HNO3→ Fe(OH)2+HNO3→
Zn(OH)2+HNO3→
Tuzlarga kislotalarning ta’siri
Na2CO3+HCl→ NaCl + CO2 + H2O
NaHCO3+HCl→
K2CO3+HCl→
KHCO3+HCl→
CaCO3+HCl→
Ca(HCO3)2+HCl→
MgCO3+HCl→
Mg(HCO3)2+HCl→
Na2CO3+H2SO4→Na2SO4 + H2O
NaHCO3+H2SO4→ K2CO3+H2SO4→
KHCO3+H2SO4→
CaCO3+H2SO4→
MgCO3+H2SO4→ Mg(HCO3)2+H2SO4→
Tuzlarga asoslarning ta’siri
CuSO4+KOH→ K2SO4 + Cu(OH)2
FeCl3+KOH→ Zn(NO3)2+KOH→
Fe2(SO4)3+KOH→
CrCl2+KOH→
CrCl3+KOH→ Al(NO3)3+KOH→
MnSO4+KOH→
CuSO4+NaOH→
FeCl3+NaOH→ Zn(NO3)2+NaOH→
Fe2(SO4)3+NaOH→
CrCl2+NaOH→
CrCl3+NaOH→ Al(NO3)3+NaOH→
MnSO4+NaOH→
Tuzlarning o’zaro ta’siri
NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl
KCl+AgNO3→
BaCl2+AgNO3→
Na2SO4+BaCl2→
K2SO4+Ba(NO3)2→
Na2S+CuSO4→
K2S+Zn(NO3)2→
Tuzlarning gidrolizi(suv bilan ta’siri)
Al2S3+H2O→Al(OH)3 + H2S
AlN+H2O→
CH3COONH4+H2O→
CaC2+H2O→
Al4C3+H2O→
Cr2S3+H2O→
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