И. А. Курбасова Е. И. Силантьева

10. Прослушайте текст и передайте его содержание по-русски.
From the History of Car Building fn Russia

(1) In Russia, the construction of passenger cars was started in 1846 at the Alexander Works which was also the first to build steam locomotives and wagons.

(2) The first carriages were vehicles without compart­ments. They were mounted on two trucks and had a body made of wood. Each carriage seated 90 passengers. An empty vehicle weighed 22 tons.
(3) Ten years later, a number of passenger cars were supplied to the Russian railways from abroad. These cars had neither heating nor toilet rooms. They proved unsuit­able for the Russian winter and had to be reconstructed later.
(4) In the middle of the sixties, all the carriages operat­ed on the Moscow—Petersburg railway were produced in Russia. Unlike the cars operated in the European countries these cars were heated by stoves and had toilet rooms.
(5) Of significant importance for the history of the car building industry in our country were the Kovrovsky Work­shops. The Kovrovsky Workshops were the first to introduce steam and water heating, lighting and roof ventilation in cars. The cars turned out by the Workshops were durable and had good performance characteristics.
11. Переведите предложения со сложным сказуемым. Найдите аналогичные предложения в тексте и переведите их (9 предложений).
1. The sleeping cars are considered to date their origin as far back as the middle of the last century. 2. In some countries the permanent way happens to be covered with deep snow in winter. 3. In recent years, refrigerated traf­fic is reported to have experienced a considerable increase; this may be expected to continue in the future. 4. The diesel engine has been found to be more economical than other internal combustion engines. 5. The tube transporta­tion may be supposed to become a principal kind of city transport. 6. One motor car turns out to burn an average of 2 tons of fuel per year. 7. The introduction of opening roofs is expected to simplify the loading and unloading of goods. 8. Nearly 50 % of all freight cars throughout the world are said to be of the open-top type. 9. The bodies of the early covered cars seemed to look like large boxes on wheels. 10. Motor vehicles are claimed to use 4 times as much air as the world population. 11. The share (доля) of transport in the total freight turnover of у is likely to change in the future; nevertheless, vvays are sure to remain the chief type of freight ge for a long time yet. 12. The diesel engine is regard-to be the most efficient prime mover among all heat -ngines.
12. Переведите текст письменно со словарем (23 мин.). Improvements in Passenger Car Construction
(1) Steam heating of cars is believed to have come into use in the eighties of the 19th century practically elimi­nating the danger of fire, even in case of wooden coaches. Besides increasing passenger safety, steam heating made cars much more comfortable, providing even temperature throughout the car.
(2) The early cars are known to have had an open plat­form at each end, this being especially dangerous in case of train collisions. Later, an enclosed vestibule (закрытый тамбур) was introduced. Its introduction is thought to be another step in increasing safety. The fact is that the introduction of the enclosed vestibule proved to be a very important measure, preventing the cars from damage in case of an accident.
(3) At the beginning of the 20th century, steel began to replace wood in car construction. Engineers understood the use of steel would make the cars much more durable. The steel vestibuled car was found to be rarely crushed even in a wreck. In addition, if properly maintained, steel cars lasted much longer than wooden coaches.
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1. What three classes may the freight cars be divided into? 2. What types of cars do the covered cars comprise and what goods do they carry? 3. What is the character­istic feature of a refrigerator wagon? 4. In what way are tank cars filled and emptied? 5. What are the two principal kinds of open-top cars and why are they built very strong and durable? 6. What are the advantages of the container traffic? 7. What is the purpose of developing special-type cars? 8. Did the early passenger cars look like today's cars? 9. Where was the baggage carried on the early carriages and who looked after the baggage? 10. Had the early trains lighting and heating? 11. Why could passengers travel long­er routes in the cars which appeared in the middle of the last century? 12. What was the inside arrangement of these cars? 13. What are the two types of inside arrangement in modern carriages? 14. What are the advantages provided by the application of new materials in car construction? 15. Why is the-introduction of fluorescent lighting and air-conditioning justified in spite of their high cost?
14. Подготовьте сообщения на следующие темы:
1. The very first freight and passenger cars.
2. The modern freight rolling stock.
3. The innovations introduced on modern carriages.
15. Прочтите текст В без словаря (5 мин.) и скажите, (а) как обеспечивалось раньше и обеспечивается сейчас охлаждение грузов в рефрижераторных вагонах, (б) всегда ли вагоны-рефрижераторы служат для перевозки охлаж­денных или замороженных грузов
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