И. А. Курбасова Е. И. Силантьева

ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
1. Richard Trevithick [ 'rit∫əd 'treviθik ] — Ричард Тревитик
2. mph = miles per hour [ 'mailz рə'rаuə ] — мили в час
3. George Stephenson [ 'dgo:dg 'sti: vnsn ]—Джордж Стефенсон
4. locos— сокр. от locomotives
5. St. Petersburg [ snt 'pi:təzbə:g ] — Санкт-Петербург


СЛОВА ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
1. rail [ reil ] n рельс; railway (англ.) п железная доро­га; syn. railroad (амер.)
2. means [ mi:nz ] n средство, способ; by means of посред­ством, с помощью
3. travel [ 'trævl ] n поездка, движение; v двигаться, ехать, путешествовать; traveller
[ 'trævələ ] n пассажир
4. freight [ freit ] n груз(ы)
5. important [ im'po:tənt ] а важный, значительный
6. play a part [ 'plei ə 'pa:t ] играть роль
7. develop [ di'veləp ] v развивать(ся); разрабатывать, соз­давать; development [ di'veləpmənt ]
n развитие; дости­жение; разработка
8. depend (on, upon) [ di'pend ] v зависеть (от)
9. fast [ fa:st ] а скорый, быстрый; fast train скорый по­езд; ant. slow [ slou ]
10. safe [ seif ] а безопасный, надежный
11. (the) very [ 'veri ] а самый
12. operate [ 'opəreit] v управлять, приводить в действие; работать; put into operation ввести в действие (в экс­плуатацию)
13. call [ ko:l ] v звать, называть
14. success [ sək'ses ] n успех, удача; be a success иметь успех, удаваться; successful а
успешный, удачный
15. light [ lait ] а легкий
16. construct [ kən'strakt ] v строить; конструировать
17. power [ 'раuə ] п сила, мощность, энергия; v снабжать энергией; powerful а мощный
18. tractive power [ 'træktiv ] n тяговая сила; traction [ 'træk∫ən ] п тяга
19. difficult [ 'difikəlt ] а трудный
20. possible [ 'posibl ] а возможный
21. suitable [ 'sju:təbl] а подходящий, годный; suit v под­ходить, соответствовать
22. service [ 'sə: vis ] n эксплуатация; перевозки; обслужи­вание; put into service ввести в
действие (в эксплуа­тацию); serve [ sə: v ] v служить, обслуживать
23. appear [ ə 'piə ] v появляться
24. wide [ waid ] а широкий
25. works [ wə:ks ] n завод(ы)
26. follow [ 'folou ] v следовать (за)
27. thanks to [ 'θæŋkstu: ] prep благодаря
28. place [ pleis ] n место, местоположение; v помещать, размещать; take place
происходить, иметь место
29. change [ t∫eindg ] n изменение, перемена; v изменять(ся)
30. introduce [ ֽintrə'dju:s ] v внедрять, вводить; introduc­tion [ ֽintre'dak∫n ] n внедрение,
введение


Запомните формы нестандартных глаголов:

be	was, were	been	быть, находиться
have	had	had	иметь
do	did	done	делать, выполнять
think	thought	thought	думать; полагать
hear	heard	heard	слышать
draw	drew	drawn	тянуть
run	ran	run	бежать, двигаться; управлять
break	broke	broken	ломать, разрушать
build	built	built	строить

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
9. а) Прочтите часть I текста и закончите предло­жения, выбрав правильный вариант.
1. Railways are of great importance to a country because...
a) they are very popular among travelling people
b) railways depend on the national economy of a country
c) the development of a country depends on transporta­tion systems
2. People could catch Trevithick's locomotive because...
a) they took great interest in that machine
b) the rails on which it ran broke
c) the locomotive was very slow
б) Найдите в части II текста абзацы, подтверждаю­щие следующие высказывания.
1. Many people in Russia thought that steam locomotives were not suitable for the Russian climate. 2. In the first half of the 19th century not many people believed that steam locomotives were practical machines and many of them opposed railway building. 3. Our country was one of the first to introduce steam traction on railways. 4. In the future the railways will be greatly changed.

10. 
    Определите значения производных слов.
    

difficulty, constructor, safety, safely, transporter, widely, demonstrator, demonstration,
appearance, slowly, suitability, follower.


11. Найдите в тексте производные слова с суффиксами, рассмотренными в упражнении 6, и переведите их.

12. 
    Прослушайте сочетания слов и переведите их.
    

to depend on transport; by means of railroads; the safest means of travels; to run much faster than; to develop a speed; to develop a new method; many developments; to operate a factory; to operate well; to be a success; to be far slower and lighter; the fastest locomotive; much more comfortable than; not so important as; thahks to the new developments; the most powerful modern locbmotives; to introduce electri­city as tractive power; the introduction of diesel traction; a locomotive suitable for service; to serve passengers; the passenger and freight service; the possibilities of diesel traction; to run a locomotive; much more difficult than; to be as difficult as.


13. Переведите сочетания слов на английский язык.
перевозить грузы; самое важное средство сообщения; значение железных дорог для экономического развития страны; играть важную роль; разработать (создать) новый локомотив; тянуть состав; зависеть от эксплуатации же­лезных дорог; успешная работа машины; такой же надежный, как; самые первые (ранние) достижения; гораздо лучше, чем; думать о безопасности; построить новый завод; иметь место (происходить); трудности при перевозке грузов; годный для работы (эксплуатации); ввести в действие; благодаря мощному локомотиву; тяговая сила; паровоз Тревитика, паровоз Черепановых; следовать за введением электротяги; разместить (поместить) на локомо­тиве; большие изменения; управлять с помощью компью­теров; управлять локомотивом.


l4. Скажите, какие из данных сказуемых являются явными и почему.
came, should come, ought to begin, began, spent, must spend, went, amplified, amplifies, amplify, heard, are being heard, placed, did, were done, will do, run, could run, might think, may think, thought, mechanize, mechanized, mechanizes, built, would build, are building, can be, has broken, broke.


15. Выпишите сказуемые и подчеркните в них смысло­вой глагол.
1. “The Rocket” could draw a small train of loaded cars. 2. People do not know much about the first railways. 3. We shall operate more powerful locomotives and have more comfortable cars in the future. 4. You ought to know much more of the first railways. 5. At the very end of the 18th century a small locomotive to run on ordinary roads was made by one engineer in England. 6. Greater speeds of running will be achieved on railways.


16. Переведите предложения письменно; дайте несколь­ко вариантов перевода страдательного залога, где это возможно; обратите внимание на выделенные предлоги.
a) 1. Railways are used as a means of freight and passenger transportation. 2. Many developments were intro­duced on railways to make them an efficient means of com­munication. 3. In the future, the locomotives will be run by computers. 4. A speed of 160 kph is developed by mod­ern locomotives. 5. They were told about the change in the time-table.
b) 6. The introduction of electric traction on railways was spoken of at the end of the 19th century. 7. The first steam trains were looked at with great interest. 8. These experimental data can be relied upon (полагать­ся на). 9. The importance of railways for the economic development of a country is much written about.
c) 10. The invention of the steam engine was followed (следовать за) by the development of steam ships and locomotives. 11. The economy of a country is influenced (влиять на) by transport and communication. 12. The problem of transportation must be approached (подходить к) from different aspects.


17. Проработайте § 4 грамматических пояснений; най­дите в тексте (часть I) и переведите прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени.


18. Прослушайте вопросы и дайте краткие ответы согласно тексту.
1. Are railways used to carry people? 2. Is the railway a means of freight transportation? 3. Do railways play an important part in the development of a country? 4. Does the development of a country depend on transport? 5. Have people faster means of communication than railways? 6. Were the very first railways built to carry people? 7. Did Trevithick's locomotive break down? 8. Was Stephenson's locomotive an experimental machine? 9. Did Stephenson construct only the first steam locomotive? 10. Did the first steam railway appear in England in the 20th century? 11. Was the Cherepanovs' invention of great im­portance to our country? 12. Shall we run more powerful locomotives in the future? 13. Will more comfortable cars be put into service? 14. Will electronic computers be widely introduced on the railways? 15. Is transportation of passengers or freight the most important function of railways? 16. Are railways or airplanes the safest means of travel? 17. Did the very first railways use horses or steam for drawing trains? 18. Did Trevithick or Stephenson construct a prac­tical locomotive? 19. Could Stephenson's or Trevithick's locomotive develop a higher speed? 20. Is Stephenson more famous as the builder of the first steam railways or as the inventor of the first steam locomotive? 21. Did Steph­enson's railways use horses or steam as tractive power? 22. Were the first steam railways in Russia put into serv­ice for travelling or for transporting freight?


19. Подготовьте сообщения на следующие темы, ис­пользуя сочетания слов, данные в скобках (каждое пред­ложение начинайте с подлежащего).
1. The importance of railways.
(to have functions, to carry people, to transport freight, to play a part, economic and political development, popu­lar means of transport, safe means of transportation)
2. The first steam locomotive.
(to invent a successful steam locomotive, to be small and light, not so fast as, to draw trains, to develop a speed)
3. The future of railways.
(great changes, to take place, to run powerful locomotives, comfortable cars, to develop speeds, to be operated by electronic computers, to introduce developments)


20. Прочтите текст В без словаря (4 мин.) и закон­чите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант. Опреде­лите значения выделенных слов по контексту.
1. The history of steam traction began... .
a) in the early years of the 19th century.
b) at the very end of the 18th century.
2. The working model of the very first steam loco ap­peared ... .
a) in England. b) in the USA.
3. These early locomotives ran... .
a) on rails. b) on ordinary roads.