I. 3 Literary Success chapter II. A founder of a genre of a historical novel in enlish literature

CHAPTER II. A FOUNDER OF A GENRE OF A HISTORICAL NOVEL IN ENLISH LITERATURE.

II.1 English literature
It is difficult to classify Victorian times literature as there is a remarkable difference between the early works and the later works as the later works were more close to the works of the writers belonging to the Edwardian era. In the 19th century, a novel was the most popular type of English literature. This century not only saw changes in the English literature but also in pieces of literature of countries like France, United States, and Russia. The Victorian novels essayed the complications in life that one has to go through which involved hard work, determination, etc.The novels would eventually have a happy ending with the culprits being punished. However, the novels contained a moral lesson. These basic characteristics of the novel made the future Victorian fiction complex as the years passed. The Victorian popular novelists include Charles Dickens whose books are till date very popular.He published his first book, The Pickwick Papers when he was twenty-five and this book was an instant success. His novels generally were inspired by real life situations.William Thackeray, the arch rival of Dickens was another novelist who focused on the issues of middle-class. He was also known for his novel Vanity Fair which was a historical novel. Historical novels portray the recent history. Other famous novelists include Bront sisters, Haworth, George Eliot, a name adopted by Mary Ann Evans.Other kinds of literature include Children’s Literature, poetry, drama, etc. At times, Victorians are given the credit for inventing childhood in the sense that they attempted to stop child labor and provide mandatory education for children. With education, more and more children were able to read and this inspired writers like Charles Dickens, Lewis Carroll, Anna Sewell, Anthony Hope, and many others to write books and novels especially for children. Poetry was a bridge between the romantic period and the modernist poetry. Poets like Alfred Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Robert Browning were few of the famous of the famous poets produced in the Victorian period. The famous collection of Victorian comic verses is the Bab Ballads. In the field of dramatics, farces, musical burlesques, comic operas competed with Shakespearian dramas and the serious dramas written by James Planch and Thomas William Robertson.Though scientific books were not considered to be a part of literature, Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species was popular. This book explains the theory of evolution which shook the ideas of the Victorian people about themselves and the world. The Oxford English Dictionary which began in the Victorian era became the most significant historical dictionary of the English language.Nature writing was another form of literature. The works of American writers like Henry David Thoreau and Susan Fenimore Cooper had impressed the Victorian writers. In the early Victorian years, Philip Gosse and Sarah Bowdich Lee were the most famous nature writers.The Illustrated London News which began in 1842 was the world’s first weekly newspaper and it frequently published articles and examples regarding nature. The second half of the 19th century saw a rising popularity in the demand for books and articles which dealt with nature.Another type of literature was the old Gothic stories. These were based on fantastic fiction. It was during this time that characters like Sherlock Holmes, Barry Lee, Sexton Blake, Phileas Fogg and others were originated. Also, fictional characters like Dracula, Edward Hyde, The Invisible Man and others became popular.Gothic literature was famous during the 18th and the 19th century. It is a combination of romance and horror which aims to thrill and scare the reader. The Victorian literature was an influencing factor in the literature of the United States and the British colonies like Australia, New Zealand and Canada.¹

"Old English (used until the 12th century) is so different from Modern English that it has to be approached as we would a foreign language. Middle English (used until the 15th century) is very much more familiar to modern eyes and ears, but we still feel that a considerable linguistic difference separates us from those who wrote in it--Chaucer and his contemporaries."During the 15th century, a huge amount of change affected English pronunciation, spelling, grammar, and vocabulary, so that Shakespeare would have found Chaucer almost as difficult to read as we do. But between Jacobethan times and today the changes have been very limited. Although we must not underestimate the problems posed by such words as buff jerkin, finical, and thou, we must not exaggerate them either. Most of early Modern English is the same as Modern English," (David Crystal, Think on My Words: Exploring Shakespeare's Language. Cambridge University Press, 2008).Standardization of English"The early part of the modern English period saw the establishment of the standard written language that we know today. Its standardization was due first to the need of the central government for regular procedures by which to conduct its business, to keep its records, and to communicate with the citizens of the land. Standard languages are often the by-products of bureaucracy ... rather than spontaneous developments of the populace or the artifice of writers and scholars."John H. Fisher [1977, 1979] has argued that standard English was first the language of the Court of Chancery, founded in the 15th century to give prompt justice to English citizens and to consolidate the King's influence in the nation. It was then taken up by the early printers, who adapted it for other purposes and spread it wherever their books were read, until finally it fell into the hands of school teachers, dictionary makers, and grammarians. ... Inflectional and syntactical developments in this early Modern English are important, if somewhat less spectacular than the phonological ones. They continue the trend established during Middle English times that changed our grammar from a synthetic to an analytic system," (John Algeo and Carmen Acevdeo Butcher, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 7th ed. Harcourt, 2014)."The printing press, the reading habit, and all forms of communication are favorable to the spread of ideas and stimulating to the growth of the vocabulary, while these same agencies, together with social consciousness ... work actively toward the promotion and maintenance of a standard, especially in grammar and usage,"

(Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language. Prentice-Hall, 1978).²The Normative Tradition"From its very early days, the Royal Society concerned itself with matters of language, setting up a committee in 1664 whose principal aim was to encourage the members of the Royal Society to use appropriate and correct language. This committee, however, was not to meet more than a couple of times. Subsequently, writers such as John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, and Joseph Addison, as well as Thomas Sheridan's godfather, Jonathan Swift, were each in turn to call for an English Academy to concern itself with language—and in particular to constrain what they perceived as the irregularities of usage," (Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade, "English at the Onset of the Normative Tradition." The Oxford History of English, ed. by Lynda Mugglestone.Oxford University.Press, 2006).Syntactic and Morphological Changes by 1776"By 1776 the English language had already undergone most of the syntactic changes which differentiate Present-Day English (henceforth PDE) from Old English (henceforth OE) ... Older patterns of word order with the verb at the clause end or in second constituent position had long been replaced by an unmarked order framed by the sequence subject-verb-object or subject-verb-complement. A subject noun phrase was virtually obligatory in simple clauses other than imperatives."Great simplifications had taken place in morphology, so that the noun and adjective had already reached their present, vestigial inflectional systems, and the verb nearly so. The number and frequency of prepositions had expanded greatly, and prepositions now served to mark a variety of nominal functions. Prepositions, particles and other words frequently joined simple lexical verbs to form group verbs like 'speak to,' 'make up,' 'take notice of.' Such formations as the prepositional and indirect passives had become commonplace."The complexity of the English auxiliary system had grown to encompass a wide range of mood and aspect marking, and much of its present systemic structure was already in place, including the dummy auxiliary do. Some patterns involving finite and nonfinite subordinate clauses had been rare or impossible in OE; by 1776 most of the present repertoire was available. However, the English of 1776 was linguistically by no means the same as that of the present day," (David Denison, "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume 4, ed. by Suzanne Romaine.Cambridge University Press, 1998).Global English"As for the view of English beyond Britain, the tentative optimism of the 18th century gave way to a new view of 'global English,' an outlook in which confidence turned into triumphalism. A turning point in this emergent idea occurred in January 1851 when the great philologist Jacob Grimm declared to the Royal Academy in Berlin that English 'may be called justly a language of the world: and seems, like the English nation, to be destined to reign in future with still more extensive sway over all parts of the globe.' ..."Dozens of comments expressed this wisdom: 'The English tongue has become a rank polyglot, and is spreading over the earth like some hardy plant whose seed is sown by the wind,' as Ralcy Husted Bell wrote in 1909. Such views led to a new perspective on multilingualism: those who did not know English should set promptly about learning it!" (Richard W. Bailey, "English Among the Languages." The Oxford History of English, ed. by Lynda Mugglestone.Oxford University Press, 2006).³Modern English is conventionally defined as the English language since about 1450 or 1500. Distinctions are commonly drawn between the Early Modern Period (roughly 1450-1800) and Late Modern English (1800 to the present). The most recent stage in the evolution of the language is commonly called Present-Day English (PDE). However, as Diane Davies notes, "[L]inguists argue for a further stage in the language, beginning around 1945 and called 'World English,' reflecting the globalization of English as an international lingua franca," (Davies 2005). Victorian Literature and Culture seeks to publish innovative scholarship of broad interest to the field. We are especially interested in work that contributes or responds to the current moment of heightened methodological reflection, theoretical energy, and formal experimentation. We welcome submissions that aim to reimagine the field of Victorian studies in the twenty-first century, whether by interrogating the field’s scope, boundaries, methods, and shibboleths; leveraging new or neglected conceptual resources; exploring new archives; discovering or establishing new cross-field connections; or engaging anew with the field’s own history. We are open to experiments in genre and form and welcome queries about the suitability of particular submissions. How much do you know about Victorian literature? Most people are familiar with Charles Dickens, the most famous of the Victorian novelists, but Dickens is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg. The British Victorian period is described by many as being the reign of Queen Victoria, from 1837 until 1901. Victorian literature, however, slightly exceeds these dates. In fact, some historians argue that the Victorian era actually began with the passage of the Reform Act of 1832. Politically and socially, I tend to agree that the main ideas put forth in the Victorian age began before Victoria became queen. The stage had already been set for the major Victorian literature themes, for example, prior to 1837. Some of the main characteristics of Victorian literature continued beyond Queen Victoria’s death, too. In this article, the different types of literature produced during the Victorian times will be discussed, including novels, poetry, and short stories. Hopefully, after reading, you’ll know how to identify literature written during the Victorian era and form a better understanding of it. Victorian age literature was often a reflection or a response to historical events and social conditions. This was a time of great change in England. With the Industrial Revolution in full swing, manufacturing cities were overcrowded and dirty. Many citizens were living in poverty and squalor. Men, women, and children worked long hours in terrible conditions. Debtors’ prisons and work houses were filled with the poor. People finally began to be concerned with these conditions, and several laws were enacted to reduce working hours and to clean up the cities. Reform is a common theme in Victorian literature. This was also a time of new discoveries. Advances in technology, medicine, and transportation made life better for many, and some Victorian period literature expresses this. The middle class grew strong, and an emphasis was often placed on the family, with the father as the powerful head of the household. Social constraints became rigid, too. Society, in general, became prudish in regard to sex. Even words like “pregnant” became taboo. Instead of saying someone was pregnant, it was said that the woman was “expecting a bundle from Heaven,” or some other innocuous term was used. One of the most popular Victorian novels to comment on the culture of the time is Vanity Fair, written by William Makepeace Thackeray. Firmly established religious beliefs were also threatened by the writings of Darwin. Some Victorians began to question their long held beliefs, while many rejected Darwin’s theories completely. This struggle was often reflected in Victorian literature.