1.5 The research questions
The size of the data samples employed in this study have been identified as its primary
limitation. However, in order to offset this, it is proposed to examine only high
frequency items as these are largely consistent across many corpora. Many of the words
that appear at the top of spoken corpus word frequency lists have little semantic or
ideational meaning in their own right; however, it has been shown that many of these
items have a strongly interpersonal and/or textual function. For example, O’Keeffe
et al
.
(2007) list discourse markers such as
you know
,
I mean
,
right
and
well
as among the
most frequent expressions in spoken English. Similarly, a cursory glance at the spoken
frequency lists of corpora of different varieties of English reveals the presence of the
pronouns
I
and
you
, words that are emblematic of the English deictic system. Therefore,
the first research question addressed by the present study is:
What are the high frequency items that characterise the pragmatic systems of the
family discourse represented in the study?
These items will comprise the topics for the analysis chapters in the present study –
Person reference
(Chapter 5),
Place and time reference
(Chapter 6),
Vocatives
(Chapter
7) and
Hedging
(Chapter 8). Curiously, while all the other areas of analysis feature
prominently on the word frequency lists of both corpora (see Chapter 4), hedging
emerges as somewhat of a ‘black swan’ in the present study. The study deals with two
family groups, therefore, a related question embedded within the first research question
is:
18
What are the similarities and differences in frequency between these pragmatic
items in settled and Traveller family discourse?
Anderson and Corbett (2009: 122) caution that ‘a corpus will show a (small) sample of
what has occurred in language, but cannot show what it means nor what does not occur.’
As already mentioned, there are a number of variables that are similar across both
families in the present study. Both families have a similar familial structure, gender
profile, encompass a number of age groups and their discourse was recorded in the
home/family environment. However, the family groups have distinct social, ethnic and
educational backgrounds. Accordingly, the third research question is:
What do these similarities and differences in the pragmatic systems reveal about
the influence of micro- and macro-social factors such as
power
,
socio-economic
status
or
ethnicity
on the families?
Finally, due to the fact that the study of family discourse is not a neat ‘fit’ in many
accepted linguistic theories, the fourth research question poses a more pertinent
theoretical query:
What can this study of family discourse bring to our understanding of the
frameworks through which spoken discourse may be analysed, specifically
variational pragmatics and community of practice?
In light of these questions and the hypotheses that can be derived from them, Chapters
2, 3 and 4 set about outlining the integrative approach taken to the literature,
frameworks and methodology necessary to answer them.
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