Human resource management practice I also available by michael armstrong



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Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 1

Underpinning theories

The following three theories underpin performance 

management.

Goal theory

Goal  theory,  as  developed  by  Latham  and  Locke 

(1979),  highlights  four  mechanisms  that  connect 

goals  to  performance  outcomes:  1)  they  direct  at-

tention to priorities; 2) they stimulate effort; 3) they 

challenge people to bring their knowledge and skills 

to bear to increase their chances of success; and 

4) the more challenging the goal, the more people 

will draw on their full repertoire of skills. This theory 

supports the emphasis in performance management 

on  setting  and  agreeing  objectives  against  which 

performance can be measured and managed.

Control theory

Control theory focuses attention on feedback as a 

means of shaping behaviour. As people receive feed-

back on their behaviour they appreciate the discrep-

ancy between what they are doing and what they 

are  expected  to  do  and  take  corrective  action  to 

overcome the discrepancy. Feedback is recognized as 

a crucial part of performance management processes.

Social cognitive theory

Social cognitive theory was developed by Bandura 

(1986). It is based on his central concept of self-

efficacy. This suggests that what people believe they 

can or cannot do powerfully impacts on their per-

formance.  Developing  and  strengthening  positive 

self-belief  in  employees  is  therefore  an  important 

performance management objective.


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