Part
1
The Practice of Human Resource Management
26
which are then converted into actions. As suggested
by Chesters (2011: 32), they should be regarded as
a statement of the organization’s collective endeav-
our. They are not just a laundry list of everything
that the organization would like to do.
HR strategies were described by Dyer and
Reeves (1995: 656) as ‘internally consistent bundles
of human resource practices’. Richardson and
Thompson (1999: 3) observed that:
A strategy, whether it is an HR strategy or any
other kind of management strategy must have two
key elements: there must be strategic objectives
(ie things the strategy is supposed to achieve), and
there must be a plan of action (ie the means by
which it is proposed that the objectives will be
met).
Purcell (2001: 72) made the point that: ‘Strategy in
HR, like in other areas, is about continuity and
change, about appropriateness in the circumstances,
but anticipating when the circumstances change.
It is about taking strategic decisions.’
The purpose of HR strategies is to articulate
what an organization intends to do about its HRM
policies and practices now and in the longer term
to ensure that they contribute to the achievement of
business objectives. However, it is necessary to bear
in mind the dictum of Fombrun et al (1984) that
business and managers should perform well in the
present to succeed in the future.
HR strategies may be defined formally as part
of a strategic HRM process that leads to the devel-
opment of overall or specific strategies for imple-
mentation by HR and, vitally, line managers. But an
organization that has developed an HR strategy will
not be practising SHRM unless that HR strategy
has strategic relevance to the organization’s success.
As Wright and McMahan (1999: 52) indicated, HRM
can only be considered to be strategic if ‘it enables
an organization to achieve its goals’.
Pettigrew and Whipp (1991: 30) emphasized
that strategy, ‘far from being a straightforward,
rational phenomenon, is in fact interpreted by
managers according to their own frame of refer-
ence, their particular motivations and information’.
They were writing about business strategy, but the
same applies to HR strategy, which can appear
through an emergent, evolutionary and possibly
unarticulated process influenced by the business
strategy as it develops and changes in the internal
and external environment. But there are still strong
arguments for a systematic approach to identifying
strategic directions that can provide a framework
for decision-making and action. The main argument
for articulating HR strategies is that unless you
know where you are going, you will not know how
to get there or when you have arrived.
Because all organizations are different, all HR
strategies are different. There is no such thing as
a standard strategy. Research into HR strategy
conducted by Armstrong and Long (1994) and
Armstrong and Baron (2002) revealed many vari-
ations. Some strategies are simply very general
declarations of intent. Others go into much more
detail. The two types of HR strategies are: 1) gen-
eral strategies such as high-performance working;
2) specific strategies relating to the different aspects
of HRM such as learning and development and
reward.
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