Human resource management practice I also available by michael armstrong



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Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 1

The concept of knowledge

Knowledge  is  defined  as  what  people  understand 

about  things,  concepts,  ideas,  theories,  procedures 

and practices. It can be described as know-how or, 

when it is specific, expertise. A distinction was made 

by Ryle (1949) between ‘knowing how’ and ‘knowing 

that’. ‘Knowing  how’  is  the  ability  of  a  person  to 

perform tasks, and ‘knowing that’ is holding pieces 

of knowledge in one’s mind. According to Blackler 

(1995: 1023): ‘Rather than regarding knowledge as 

something that people have, it is suggested that know-

ing  is  better  regarded  as  something  that  they  do.’  

He also noted that: ‘Knowledge is multifaceted and 

complex, being both situated and abstract, implicit 

and explicit, distributed and individual, physical and 

mental, developing and static, verbal and encoded’ 

(ibid: 1032–33).

Nonaka (1991) suggested that knowledge is held 

either  by  individuals  or  collectively.  In  Blackler’s 

(1995) terms, embodied or embraced knowledge is 

individual and embedded, and cultural knowledge 

is  collective.  It  can  be  argued  (Scarborough  and 

Carter,  2000)  that  knowledge  emerges  from  the  

collective experience of work and is shared between 

members of a particular group or community.


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