Human resource management practice I also available by michael armstrong



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Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice 1

Chapter 

10

  Organizational Behaviour

125



Norming, when group cohesion is developed, 

norms emerge, views are exchanged openly, 

mutual support and cooperation increase 

and the group acquires a sense of its  

identity.



Performing, when interpersonal problems 

are resolved, roles are flexible and functional, 

there are constructive attempts to complete 

tasks and energy is available for effective 

work.

Leadership

Organizations largely function by means of managers 

and  supervisors  who  exercise  leadership  in  order  

to get their teams into action and ensure that they 

achieve the results expected of them. Goleman (2000) 

reported that a study by Hay McBer of 3,871 execu-

tives, selected from a database of more than 20,000 

executives  worldwide,  established  that  leadership 

had a direct impact on organizational climate, and 

that climate in turn accounted for nearly one-third 

of the financial results of organizations. The conclu-

sion from research conducted by Higgs (2006) was 

that  leadership  behaviour  accounts  for  almost  50 

per  cent  of  the  difference  between  change  success 

and  failure.  Research  by  Northouse  (2006)  into  

167 US firms in 13 industries established that over 

a  20-year  period  leadership  accounted  for  more 

variations in performance than any other variable. 

Leadership skills are described in Chapter 55.

Power

Organizations exist to get things done; in the pro-

cess of doing this, people or groups exercise power. 

Directly or indirectly, the use of power in influenc-

ing  behaviour  is  a  pervading  feature  of  organiza-

tions, whether it is exerted by managers, specialists, 

informal groups or trade union officials. It is a way 

of achieving results, but it can be misused.



Politics

Political behaviour is an inevitable feature of organ-

izational life. The aim of organizational politicians 

is to get their own way by influencing people to accept 

their point of view without going through the usual 

channels  or  relying  on  their  authority.  Some  indi-

viduals  genuinely  believe  that  the  best  way  to  get 

something done is by using political means, especially 

when  they  are  frustrated  by  the  normal  decision 

processes.  Others  unashamedly  pursue  their  own 

ends. Political behaviour can be harmful when it is 

underhand  and  devious,  but  it  can  sometimes 

help  to  enlist  support  and  overcome  obstacles  to 

getting results. All managers need political skills, as 

described in Chapter 59, but, because of the nature 

of their role, such skills are particularly important 

for HR specialists.

Conflict

Conflict is also inevitable in organizations because 

they  function  by  means  of  adjustments  and  com-

promises  among  competitive  elements  in  their  

structure  and  membership.  Conflict  also  arises 

when there is change, because it may be seen as a 

threat  to  be  challenged  or  resisted,  or  when  there  

is  frustration.  Conflict  is  not  always  deplorable.  

It can be a result of progress and change and it can 

be used constructively.




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