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Other health outcomes Sports programs may help reduce the risk of alco-
hol, tobacco, and illicit drug use in students (Forman et al., 1995; Harrison 
and Naryan, 2003; Kulig et al., 2003; Lisha and Sussman, 2010; Nkansah-
Amankra et al., 2011). Studies also point to a reduced risk for violence 

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Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School
The Effectiveness of Physical Activity and Physical Education Policies and Programs
 
339
(Garry and Morrissey, 2000
)
and sexual behavior (Taliaferro et al., 2011) 
among student athletes. 
Policies
In addition to the policies discussed in Chapter 6, the development, use, 
and maintenance of school facilities have a major impact on opportuni-
ties for both school sports and after-school programs. A study by Kanters 
and colleagues
(2013) found that the majority of school sports fields are 
underutilized, suggesting opportunities for increased programming. Joint or 
shared use with community facilities holds promise as well (see the discus-
sion of joint- or shared-use agreements later in this chapter).